<p>Fentale is a stratovolcano located in the Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It is the highest point of Fentale woreda.</p><br>
<p>Philip Briggs describes Mount Fentale being crowned by a 350 meter deep crater. Briggs concludes that this volcano "is responsible for the bleak hundred-year-old lava flows that cross the road immediately west of Metehara, and its steam vents can sometimes be seen displaying from the surrounding plains at night."</p><br>
<p>The date of these eruptions is fixed by the investigations of the early 19th century explorer William Cornwallis Harris, whom David Buxton states first encountered this volcano and its lava beds in 1842. By questioning the natives, Harris concluded that the most recent eruptions had taken place 30 years before his arrival.</p><br>
<p>Wapiti Ranger Station is the oldest United States Forest Service ranger station in the United States. The station is located in Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, and has been used continuously since it was built in 1903. The station was the first forest service ranger station built with federal funding. Constructed with native forest timber, the structure is maintained regularly, with some recent improvements – such as replacing some rotting timber – implemented in 2005.</p><br>
<p>On May 23, 1963, Wapiti Ranger Station was designated as a National Historic Landmark, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>The station is 30 miles (48 km) west of Cody, Wyoming on USA Route 14/16/20, between Cody and the east entrance to Yellowstone National Park.</p><br>
<p>A location called Wapiti Station is featured in the 2016 game Firewatch, which is set in the Shoshone National Forest. However, its depiction and location within the forest do not resemble Wapiti Ranger Station.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Russell House is a historic house at 51 Meeting Street in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. Built by wealthy shipping merchant Nathaniel Russell in 1808, it is recognized as one of America&#39;s most important Neoclassical houses. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Russell commissioned an unknown architect to build a large townhome in the then popular Federal-style. Sited on a large city lot in downtown Charleston, the rectangular house has a symmetrical façade, with a projecting four-sided bay that rises the full three-stories of the central block of the house. Constructed of Carolina gray brick, the three bay entrance front emphasizes height rather than width with the main living areas on the second and third-stories. The house is 9,600 ft&sup2; with 6,000 ft&sup2; of living area.</p><br>
<p>The first-story entrance front is dominated by the residence&#39;s grand entrance door. The eight-panel door is faux-grained and is encased by fluted pilasters, and topped by an elliptical fanlight detailed with looped tracery set within a molded nichelike arch. The entrance is flanked by single unadorned windows.</p><br>
<p>The three windows on the second-floor are emphasized by their floor length, ornamented with white marble lintels and are set in recessed red-brick arches with white keystones, tied together with a narrow white string course that runs around the entire perimeter of the house. Also featured is a light wrought-iron balcony that breaks out in a semicircle before each of the second-story windows, and displays Nathaniel Russell&#39;s initials in the center. A balcony also surrounds the projecting bay on the south side of the house, but does not interconnect with the one on the entrance front. Above the second-story brick arches is found a subtle red, double-brick string course that is topped with three additional windows on the third floor with prominent marble lintels. The architectural details that are found on the entrance front is carried over to the south facing façade, and can be viewed from the garden. A paneled balustrade runs fully about the central block and the south bay rendering the low hipped roof imperceptible.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<h4>First floor</h4><br>
<p>The interior of the Nathaniel Russell house is greatly influenced by the Adam style, popular at the first of the 19th-century, that introduced curved walls, elaborate plasterwork decorations and striking mixed color schemes. The house features three main rooms per floor each of different geometric designs: a front rectangular room, a center oval room, and a square room in the rear. The rectangular entrance hall with a black and white diamond patterned floorcloth edged with a leaf motif, and the adjacent office was where Russell would conduct business. Separating the public rooms at the front of the house from the more private rooms used by the family, wide faux-grained double doors with glazed rosette patterned insets and an elliptical fan shaped transom, gives access to the golden walled stair hall that showcases the most important architectural feature of the house, the cantilevered spiral staircase, that ascends to the third floor. The asymmetrical hall is illuminated by a Palladian window, and further ornamented with trompe-lœil painting resembling a plaster cornice and an elliptical medallion that were painted by Charleston artisan Samuel OHara. Off the central stair hall is the oval dining room, with turquoise walls that appear painted, but are small squares of unpatterned wallpaper bordered with interlocking rings, in red and gold, above cypress wainscoting painted white. The heart-pine floors and the wood interior shutters are original. At the rear of the house is a square parlor, that was enlarged at a later date to connect the house with the kitchen, and was used by the family for everyday dining.</p><br>
<h4>Second floor</h4><br>
<p>The second-floor oval drawing room is the most highly decorated room in the house and is where the women of the house retired to after dinner. Papered in apricot, it features elaborate plaster moldings covered with 24-karat gold leaf and plinth blocks at the base painted to resemble lapis lazuli. The Adamesque ornamentation of the fireplaces&#39; mantles and cornices are among the most detailed in the city. The curved entry doors are faux-grained to resemble flame-grained mahogany on the exterior and tortoise shell on the interior. Curved mullioned mirrors on one side of the room balance the windows to provide symmetry and reflect light in the room.</p><br>
<p>The large rectangular withdrawing room found at the front of the house has soft gray walls and white wainscoting that offsets the multilayered gilded cornice molding. The windows are surrounded with tall slender pilasters and overhanging entablatures, that add dimension to the walls. With windows on three sides, the room was utilized primarily during the day to take advantage of the daylight and breezes. At the rear of the house is the square shaped master bedroom, and additional bedchambers are found on the third floor. Though most of the art and furniture displayed in the house are not original to the Nathaniel Russell House, they are of the correct time period for when the Russell family inhabited the house, and many are of Charleston origin.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The house and grounds are separated from the street by a brick and wrought iron fence with the entrance gate flanked by tall brick columns capped with stone ball finials. To the south of the house is the garden that was originally laid out in a geometric arrangement with patterned beds of flowers, ornamental shrubs and large orange and grapefruit trees. Today a formal English garden can be found with gravel paths, boxwood hedges and plants favored in the 19th-century. In the rear of the house is the two-story slave quarters that housed many of the estimated 18 slaves that were at the Nathaniel Russell House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel Russell (1738-1820) originally from Rhode Island, settled in Charleston in 1765, becoming a prosperous shipping merchant. In 1788, Russell married Sarah Hopton (1752-1832), a member of one of Charleston’s wealthiest families at the age of 50, and two daughters were born soon after, Alicia in 1789 and Sarah in 1792. As one of the wealthiest citizens in Charleston, Nathaniel Russell sought to build a more prestigious home to display his prominence in the city. Construction began on the house in 1803, and the Federal style house was completed five years later at a cost of $80,000, when 70-year-old Nathaniel and his family moved into their new home.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Russell family until 1857 when it was purchased by Robert Allston (1801-1864), a successful rice planter who lived in the mansion while he was governor of South Carolina. In 1870, his executors sold it to the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy where it served as a boarding school from 1870 through 1905, upon which the mansion was converted back to a private residence by the Mullally and Pelzer families. In 1955, when it became apparent that the garden may be subdivided after the house had languished on the market for two years, the Historic Charleston Foundation was created to preserve the property. Within 30 days, the Foundation was able to raise the $65,000 needed to purchase the property, and opened the house for public tours soon after.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the Historic Charleston Foundation embarked on a multi-year study and restoration of the mansion to return the interior finishes and architectural details to how it looked when first built. Grants and donations have enabled the acquisition of a significant collection of objects with Charleston provenance, to allow the Foundation to interpret Charleston’s merchant elite in the early 19th-century. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973, and is today a popular attraction in Charleston.</p><br>
<p>The Big Hatchet Mountains are an 18 mi  long, mountain range in southeast Hidalgo County, New Mexico, adjacent the northern border of Chihuahua state, Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The range lies just south of a westerly excursion of the Continental Divide of the Americas; it lies on the eastern perimeter of the extensive, narrow, and north-south Playas Valley, and is the center range of three mostly arid, low to moderate-elevation ranges that lie on the valley&#39;s east perimeter. The mountain range lies in the extreme northwest of the Chihuahuan Desert.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The range is 18 mi long and only about 8 mi wide. It trends northwest by southeast as does the Alamo Hueco Mountains to the south; the Little Hatchet Mountains bordering the range northwest, trend similarly, but have a more true north traverse.</p><br>
<h3>Geology, ecology, and access</h3><br>
<p>Geologically this range is part of the Basin and Range Province which spans much of the southwestern USA and parts of northern Mexico. It is a fault-block range made up of Paleozoic limestone and Cretaceous shale and sandstones.</p><br>
<p>Ecologically, the Big Hatchet Mountains lie near the Chihuahuan Desert and the Sonoran Desert, but their large relief provides many ecological niches more in keeping with the mountains to the north. Notable inhabitants include bats, raptors, bighorn sheep, and javelina.</p><br>
<p>The Big Hatchet Mountains are far from population centers, and have no paved road access or developed recreation sites; they therefore see little recreational activity other than long-distance hikers who are either starting or completing the Continental Divide Trail. However, the standard route on the peak, along the South Ridge from Thompson Canyon, is straightforward.</p><br>
<h3>Highpoints</h3><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range, Big Hatchet Peak, 8,366 ft, is at the northwest terminus of the range; the peak is located at 31&deg;38&prime;07&Prime;N latitude, 108&deg;23&prime;56&Prime;W longitude. Another peak anchors the southeast terminus of the range, New Well Peak, at 6,284 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Continental Divide National Scenic Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Continental Divide lies north of the Big Hatchet Mountains and traverses the northern Playas Valley on its water divide. The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail (CDT) is routed through the Big Hatchet&#39;s on two alternative trails, one at the center and the other in the north; also subtrails lead off in a southeasterly direction. The main traverse of the CDT exits from the southwest quarter of the range, to meet the northwest end of the Alamo Hueco Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Bridestones is a chambered cairn, near Congleton, Cheshire, England, that was constructed in the Neolithic period about 3500–2400 BC. It was described in 1764 as being 120 yd long and 12 yd wide, containing three separate compartments, of which only one remains today. The remaining compartment is 6 m long by 2.7 m wide, and consists of vertical stone slabs, divided by a now-broken cross slab. The cairn originally had a stone circle surrounding it, with four portal stones; two of these portal stones still remain. The site is protected as a scheduled ancient monument.</p><br>
<h2>Condition in 18th century</h2><br>
<p>The state of the site was recorded in the second edition of Henry Rowlandss Mona Antiqua Restaurata (published in 1766), based on a report by Rev. Thomas Malbon, rector of Congleton. As the report describes removal of stones for road-building in 1764 (the Ashbourne–Leek–Congleton Turnpike, now Dial Lane, just south of the site), it appears that it was included by Henry Owen, editor of the second edition, and was not part of Rowlandss original 1723 edition. The report provides a detailed description of the site at the time along with a plate giving a plan of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore and naming</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the cairn&#39;s name is unclear. One legend says that a recently married couple were murdered at the location, and the stones were laid around their grave. Another possibility is that they are named after Brigantia. Alternatively, the Old English word for "birds" was "briddes&quot the stones in their original form could have resembled birds, giving rise to "Briddes stones".</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent destruction</h2><br>
<p>The largest single ransacking of the monument was the removal of several hundred tons to construct the nearby turnpike road. Stones from the monument were also taken to build the nearby house and farm; other stones were used in an ornamental garden in Tunstall Park. The holed stone was broken some time before 1854; the top half was found replaced in 1877, but was gone again by 1935.</p><br>
<p>While the southern side of the main chamber was originally a single, 18 ft, it was split in 1843 by a picknicker&#39;s bonfire. Of the portal stones, only two remain, one of which is broken and concreted back together. This was reputedly caused by an engineer from the Manchester Ship Canal, who used the stone to demonstrate a detonator.</p><br>
<p>Excavations of the site were done by Professor Fleur of Manchester University in 1936 and 1937, with the aim of restoring the site as much as possible to its former condition.</p><br>
<p>Deriba Caldera is at the highest point of Jebel Marra at an elevation of 3,042 m , in Darfur in the western part of Sudan. The caldera rim became Sudan&#39;s new highest point, after the independence of South Sudan. It is between 5 km and 8 km in diameter across the outer crater. The inner crater is filled by a crater lake. The Marra Mountains are part of a large geologic feature known as the Darfur Dome. The dome appears to be the result of a mantle plume, which is a fixed “hotspot” in the Earth’s mantle . The mantle plume heated the crust from below, leading to uplift of the crust and providing a magma source for the extensive volcanism observed in the region.</p><br>
<p>The 5-kilometer-wide Deriba Caldera was formed by explosive eruption of the Jebel Marra Volcano approximately 3,500 years ago. The volcano is considered dormant, rather than extinct, as hot springs and fumaroles (gas and steam vents) are still present. The caldera has the classic circular shape: the depression formed as overlying rock and soil collapsed into the magma chamber after it was emptied by powerful eruptions. Following the formation of the main outer crater, a second inner crater (image center) formed, most likely due to later uplift and eruption of fresh magma moving towards the surface. This inner crater is filled with water.</p><br>
<p>Because the walls of the inner crater are higher than the adjacent caldera floor, precipitation flowing inwards from the outer crater walls does not enter the inner crater lake. White stream bed sediments (image center) show the water pathway around the inner crater to a second lake located along the northeast wall of the outer crater. While Jebel Marra is high enough (3,042 meters) to have a temperate climate and high precipitation, these lakes may be fed by hot springs as well as rainwater.</p><br>
<p>In 1811, Andrew Ellicott made a survey for the state of Georgia to resolve the boundary dispute between Georgia and North Carolina, which in 1810 had resulted in a short armed conflict between the two called the Walton War. He engraved a large rock in the Chattooga River with "N-G", standing for North Carolina - Georgia. The location had been prescribed in part in 1787 by the Treaty of Beaufort, though the river was not named explicitly, but rather as a then-undiscovered tributary of the Savannah River between Georgia and South Carolina. The nominal latitude of 35°N was later specified by the USA Congress.</p><br>
<p>Two years after Ellicotts survey, commissioners representing both North and South Carolina marked a large rock along the Chattooga River bank with the inscription "Lat 35 AD 1813 NC + S.C." as the juncture where the South Carolina and North Carolina state lines joined. The rock marked by the commissioners in 1813, rather than the rock marked by Ellicott in 1811, is often called Ellicott Rock or Ellicotts Rock. To clarify this misnomer, it is also called Commissioners Rock; it is commonly accepted as the point where the boundary lines of South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia meet.</p><br>
<p>There are two versions in print on the distance between the two rocks. One is that Ellicotts original rock was 500 ft upstream. In the other story, the rocks are much closer. De Harts South Carolina Trails guide said that they are a "few feet apart." In the North Carolina trail guide, he said Commissioner Rock is "ten feet downstream."</p><br>
<p>This rock was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and is located in Ellicott Rock Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Neither of the rocks is actually on the 35th parallel as Congress specified. That line is actually located about 230 ft to the south of Ellicott Rock (USGS GNIS coordinates), as shown on Google Maps. A midpoint several miles to the west is actually much further off, by over a mile in the opposite direction, creating the only significant bend in the otherwise-straight border between the two states. The only endpoint actually at 35°N is at the Mississippi River, the error affecting Tennessee (created in 1796 from North Carolina), as well as the Mississippi Territory (now Alabama and Mississippi), created mostly from Georgias Yazoo lands. Because the error was on the part of Georgia (by allegedly not supplying Ellicott with the proper surveying equipment), and because Georgia failed to appeal in a reasonable amount of time (acquiescence), the boundary permanently remains offset, leading to a modern dispute over water in the Tennessee River near Chattanooga, where a small part of Nickajack Lake would have been in Georgia were it not for the errors in Ellicotts survey.</p><br>
<p>Desert View Watchtower, also known as the Indian Watchtower at Desert View, is a 70 ft-high stone building located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon within Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, United States. The tower is located at Desert View, more than 20 mi to the east of the main developed area at Grand Canyon Village, toward the east entrance to the park. The four-story structure, completed in 1932, was designed by American architect Mary Colter, an employee of the Fred Harvey Company who also created and designed many other buildings in the Grand Canyon vicinity including Hermit&#39;s Rest and the Lookout Studio. The interior contains murals by Fred Kabotie.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The watchtower was the last of the series of Mary Colter-designed visitor concession structures at the Grand Canyon until her renovation of the Bright Angel Lodge in 1935. The tower was designed to resemble an Ancient Pueblo Peoples watchtower, but its size dwarfs any known Pueblan-built tower. The closest prototypes for such a structure may be found at Hovenweep National Monument. The structure is composed of a circular coursed masonry tower rising from a rubble base. The base was intentionally designed to convey a partly ruinous appearance, perhaps of an older structure on which the watchtower was later built. The base is arranged within a large circle with the tower to the north. Tiny windows are irregularly disposed, some of which are themselves irregular in shape. The main space is the Kiva Room in the base structure, apparently roofed with logs that were salvaged from the old Grandview Hotel. The ceiling is a false structure concealing the roof structure that supports an observation deck. The Kiva Room features a fireplace with a large picture window directly above where the chimney would ordinarily go. Smoke is drawn away through an offset, concealed flue. The room still contains its original furnishings, which are part of the historic designation. A separate, apparently ruinous structure was actually built in that form to provide a storage place for firewood.</p><br>
<p>The tower rises as an open shaft lined by circular balconies overlooking the central space. Access from balcony to balcony is provided by small stairways. At the top the space is decked over, creating an enclosed observation level with large glazed windows. An open observation area on the roof of this space is now closed to visitors and is used for radio equipment. The steel and concrete structure of the observation level is concealed behind plaster, stone and wood. The tower is decorated by bold murals by Fred Kabotie, with other, petroglyph-style decorations by Fred Greer. Small windows in the tower&#39;s shaft let beams of light into the lower space. The tower also features a number of "reflectoscopes" — black mirrors to reflect the view of the canyon in a more abstract style, providing visitors an alternative view of the Canyon.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Mary Colter spent six months researching archeological prototypes and construction techniques before building a model of the site, studying the design of the tower using clay. Before the final design was completed Colter had a 70 ft platform built to assess the views from the proposed site. Engineering was provided by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. Colter was responsible for selecting Kabotie and Greer to decorate the interior. Greer&#39;s rock art paintings are copies of now-destroyed petroglyphs at Abo, New Mexico, and may be their only surviving representation.</p><br>
<h2>Historic District</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its individual designation as part of the M.E.J. Colter Buildings National Historic Landmark, the Watchtower is part of the Desert View Watchtower Historic District, which includes a number of support structures built and used by the Fred Harvey Company, and later used by the National Park Service. Significant buildings include the Desert View Caretakers Residence (1930), the oldest extant structure in the area. This rustic stone and wood house was initially built as a rest stop for Harveycar tours right on the canyon rim, and was moved to its present location when the Watchtower was built. Fred Kabotie may have lived here while he was the Watchtowers caretaker. Several other buildings, including cabins, sheds and a comfort station are included in the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The bottom floor of the tower now contains a gift shop while the upper floors serve as an observation deck from which visitors to the national park can view eastern portions of the Grand Canyon. Desert View Watchtower was designated a United States National Historic Landmark as part of the Mary Jane Colter Buildings collective nomination on May 28, 1987, comprising the Desert View Watchtower, Hopi House, Lookout Studio and Hermit&#39;s Rest. The tower is also part of a National Register of Historic Places historic district, the Desert View Watchtower Historic District, designated on January 3, 1995.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, two tourists were banned from all American national parks for the period of a year after using white-out and permanent marker to correct the punctuation on a sign on the Desert View Watchtower, which had been painted by Colter.</p><br>
<p>The Van Allen Building, also known as Van Allen and Company Department Store, is a historic commercial building at Fifth Avenue and South Second Street in Clinton, Iowa. The four-story building was designed by Louis Sullivan and commissioned by John Delbert Van Allen . Constructed 1912–1914 as a department store, it now has upper floor apartments with ground floor commercial space. The exterior has brick spandrels and piers over the structural steel skeletal frame. Terra cotta is used for horizontal accent banding and for three slender, vertical applied mullion medallions on the front facade running through three stories, from ornate corbels at the second-floor level to huge outbursts of vivid green terra cotta foliage in the attic. There is a very slight cornice. Black marble facing is used around the glass show windows on the first floor. The walls are made of long thin bricks in a burnt gray color with a tinge of purple. Above the ground floor all the windows are framed by a light gray terra cotta. The tile panels in Dutch blue and white pay tribute to Mr. Van Allen&#39;s Dutch heritage of which he was quite proud. . The Van Allen Building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture.</p><br>
<p>Rather unusually, Van Allen and Sullivan planned the building around intended use of the interior space. The men carefully laid out floor plans and designed displays, showcases, and aisles before creating plans for the building itself. The main floor of the new store was for general dry goods and mens furnishings. The second floor was womens costumes, and the third floor household fabrics, bedding and rugs. The top floor was not planned for immediate use and intended as an area for future growth. The resulting interior design included a plan with only two interior column lines on all four floors, creating open interiors for shopping. The column lines feature three rows of interior columns spanning east–west, which allowed for three spacious retail bays averaging over 28 feet in width.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building was designed to have urban appeal with plain surfaces, clean lines and harmonious proportions. In order to avoid anonymity amongst other buildings, the structure features ornamentation with a strong sense of Sullivans signature natural design motifs. Themes of dark brick and terra cotta ornamentation dominate the buildings exterior design. The clean and simple lines and earth tones were intended to complement three unique ornamental terra cotta mullions. While at first glance, the mullions appear to be little more than creative personal flourish on the part of Sullivan, careful study of the buildings structure reveals the genius behind the design. Sullivan used the ornamental mullions to visually correct imbalances in the buildings proportions which were the result of designing the interior spaces first. Additionally, the decorative mullions serve to accentuate the height of the building and emphasize the wide spans of the interior aisles which made the building so unique.</p><br>
<p>Louis Sullivan was recommended as the architect by F.H. Shaver of the Peoples Savings Bank in Cedar Rapids, Iowa in a letter dated September 20, 1910. In addition to mentioning the work that Sullivan was doing for him, Mr. Shaver mentioned Sullivans Transportation Building at the 1893 World Columbian Exposition, the Auditorium Hotel and Carson Pirie Scott in Chicago, with special mention of the National Farmers Bank of Owatonna, Minnesota and the fact that Mr. Sullivan was decorated for his work by the French government. He concluded his letter by stating, "The interesting feature of this whole matter is that Mr. Sullivan does not charge more than other architects."</p><br>
<p>On March 20, 1911, Mr. Sullivan wrote Mr. Van Allen stating, "I shall take pleasure in handling your work, and will be pleased to see you at any time, as I am now building a church as well as a bank in Cedar Rapids, Iowa."</p><br>
<p>On April 3, 1912, Mr. Sullivan wrote Mr. Van Allen stating, "My feeling is moving away from white enamelled terra cotta into a conception of brick and terra cotta in soft low tones. I trust you will follow me with your approval as this design seems to tend this way of its own accord: That is, with a sort of logic of its own."</p><br>
<p>Mr. Van Allen&#39;s granddaughter, Mary Jane Case (1917–2004), has described how her grandfather related to her that Mr. Sullivan would sit on a keg of nails across the street from the building when it was under construction and direct the work on the building.</p><br>
<p>White Castle Building Number 8 is a former White Castle restaurant building in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was one of the few prefabricated, portable buildings built by the chain, and is now operated as an antique/vintage goods shop.</p><br>
<p>The building, measuring only 28 feet by 28 feet, has had three different locations in Minneapolis. The restaurant was originally located at 616 Washington Avenue Southeast near the University of Minnesota campus (in the Stadium Village neighborhood) in 1936. In 1950 the building was moved to 329 Central Avenue Southeast when the owner of the Washington Avenue property refused to renew the lease. In 1983 White Castle officials opened a new, larger restaurant a few blocks away from the Central Avenue location.</p><br>
<p>In order to save a piece of the city&#39;s architectural history, the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission found a buyer willing to relocate the structure and save it from demolition. The building is now located at 3252 Lyndale Avenue South, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1926 White Castle entered the Minneapolis area. The eighth restaurant in the Minneapolis area was built in 1927 at 616 Washington Avenue Southeast, originally with glazed brick. As the restaurant chain expanded, they developed standardized production methods and a standard look for their restaurants.</p><br>
<p>Porcelain Steel Buildings, a subsidiary of White Castle, manufactured movable, prefabricated structures that could be assembled at any White Castle restaurant site. This design was built on the Washington Avenue site in 1936, replacing its 1927 building. The 1936 building is modeled after the Chicago Water Tower, with octagonal buttresses, crenellated towers, and a parapet wall. The founders later claimed that this design was the first successful use of porcelain as a building material.</p><br>
<p>By 1950 the landowner of the Washington Avenue property refused to renew the lease. The reluctance of landowners to extend leases on small parcels was the reason why White Castle manufactured movable buildings. The chain moved the restaurant to the corner of Central Avenue and Fourth Street Southeast. However, by this time the company had failed to notice the population shift from central cities to suburbs, and it spent more time trying to survive in urban neighborhoods instead of building larger buildings in the suburbs. The company eventually recognized the business potential of building larger restaurants in the suburbs. However this meant that the smaller, older castle buildings became obsolete. In 1983 the company built a new restaurant in northeast Minneapolis. Historic preservation efforts succeeded, and the old building was moved to its present location in 1984 and has since housed a contracting firm, an accordion and jewelry business, and an antique/vintage goods shop.</p><br>
<p>Usually properties on the National Register lose their designation if they are moved or significantly altered. The federal program recognized, however, that early White Castle restaurants were specifically made to be movable.</p><br>
<p>The Howes Building is a historic building located in Clinton, Iowa, United States. The four-story, brick, Neoclassical structure features arched windows, pilasters, and a chamfered corner. At one time it had a prominent entrance on the corner that was flanked by columns in the Doric order. The columns remain in place even though the entrance has been modified. The architect for the first three stories, finished in 1900, was Josiah Rice. The fourth story, finished five years later, was designed by John Morrell. Both were local architects, Morrell having purchased the Rice firm in 1903. The contractor was John Lake. Edward M. Howes had the building constructed during a period of population and economic growth in Clinton. The two upper floors have housed the offices of local professionals. The first and second floors have housed various retail establishments, including Klines Department Store, Stage Department Store, Jefferson Billiards Shop, Metzger and Cavanaugh Mens Tailors, and the Kaybee Store. The building has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 2004.</p><br>
<p>Paravur Kayal is a lake in Paravur, Kerala, India. Although it is small, with an area of only 6.62 km², it is the end point of the Ithikkara River and part of the system of lakes and canals that make up the Kerala Backwaters. It has been connected to Edava and Ashtamudi Kayal as part of the Trivandrum - Shoranur canal system since the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Importance of Paravur Lake</h2><br>
<p>The lake meets the sea and in between a small stretch of road which divides them can be viewed on way. Paravur Lake is one of the emerging tourist destinations in the district which attracts a good number of tourists.</p><br>
<p>The panoramic views are breath taking if you opt for a birds eye view, not from the sky but from the mountain terraces situated north and east of the place. Famous Lakesagar Xavier&#39;s resort is situated at the banks of Paravur lake. Priyadarshini boat club is another major attraction in the vicinity of Paravur lake. The mangroves along both sides of Paravur lake is also very famous</p><br>
<h2>How to reach</h2><br>
<p>Paravur lake is about 4 km away from Paravur town. Paravur-Edava-Varkala road passes through the banks of Paravur lake. The nearest important railway station to Paravur lake is Paravur railway station. Fourteen pairs of trains stop at Paravur railway station every day. The nearest major rail head is Kollam Junction railway station, which is about 26 km away from the lake. The nearest KSRTC bus station is Chathannoor bus station, which is 12 km away. Paravur Municipal Bus Stand and railway station are 4 km away from the lake.</p><br>
<p>The 1849 Terwilliger House is a Registered Historic Place in the McHenry County, Illinois, village of Bull Valley. The Greek Revival house is topped with a square cupola and surrounded by a columned porch. Rumors persist that the home was once a part of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Terwilliger was the third settler of Nunda Township in McHenry County, Illinois, after George Stickney and Benjamin McOmber. Arriving in 1836, he was the first farmer in the region, and his son was the first child in the township born to a settler. Terwilliger married the daughter of the neighboring property. Combining the two properties, he built a Greek Revival estate in 1849. Oral history suggests that the house may have been a stop on the Underground Railroad. The house remained in ownership of Terwilliger descendants for at least 141 years. On May 14, 1979, the house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two-story house is square, with entrances on the east, south, and north. The house is built on a foundation of fieldstone and locally produced soft red brick. The east facade features two windows flanking the door and four regularly spaced windows on the second floor. The doors on the north and south are off center, with three windows on each side—one to the east and two to the west. The walls are built with the same soft red brick as the foundation. The Greek Revival porch dominates the southern, eastern, and northern facades with large Doric columns. The roof is hipped with a slight pitch. A cupola is at the center of the house; it is large enough to serve as a bedroom. A kitchen extension was constructed at the rear on the west side in the 1890s.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Mount Tripyramid is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain, so-called because of the three distinct peaks along its mile-long summit ridge, is part of the Sandwich Range of the White Mountains. Scaur Peak and The Fool Killer are subsidiary peaks to the northwest and northeast. To the southeast, Tripyramid is flanked by The Sleepers.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Tripyramid is drained on the west side by Slide Brook and Avalanche Brook, thence into the Mad River, Pemigewasset River, Merrimack River, and into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport, Massachusetts. Tripyramid is drained on the east side by Sabbaday Brook, thence into the Swift River, Saco River, and into the Gulf of Maine at Saco, Maine. Tripyramid is drained on the north side by Pine Bend Brook, another tributary of the Swift River.</p><br>
<p>Both North and Middle Tripyramid are included in the Appalachian Mountain Club&#39;s list of New England "four-thousand footers". Although over 4,000 feet in height, South Tripyramid is not, because it stands less than 200 ft above the col on the ridge from Middle Tripyramid.</p><br>
<p>The Orson Rogers House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and located in the McHenry County, Illinois city of Marengo. The property consists of several outbuildings, currently and in the past, as well, those buildings are and were mostly agriculture related.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>The home was owned by the Orson Rogers family from 1847 until around 1869. William Boies owned the farmstead from 1869 and held it until the early part of the 20th century. Boies was the owner of a well-known dairy and creamery. From 1920 until 1961 Jesse Jackson owned the Rogers House and in 1961 it was purchased by Willis and Wilma Brown. Willis Brown had inherited the home from his grandparents. Robert and Beverly Kling purchased the home in 1979, the year it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today the home is still owned by their daughter Candace Kling.</p><br>
<h2>Orson Rogers</h2><br>
<p>Orson Rogers, the homes namesake, was born in Middletown, Vermont in 1814. In the late 1830s he and his wife, Mary, moved, by wagon, from Vermont to the Marengo, Illinois area. Rogers parents accompanied him and his wife on the relocation. Originally, Rogers settled in a town he liked called Coral. In the 1840s the area was home to a number of Native American settlements and the Rogers&#39; were among the first white settlers of the Marengo area. Rogers built the first log cabin schoolhouse in the area and taught there as well. In the 1850s his farming savvy led him to purchase the revolutionary McCormick Reapers.</p><br>
<p>Equinox Mountain is a mountain in Bennington County, Vermont, United States, in the town of Manchester. The mountain is the highest peak of the Taconic Range, and the highest point of Bennington County. It is one of thirteen peaks in Vermont with a topographic prominence over 2,000 ft, ranked third behind Mansfield and Killington. Equinox is the second highest peak in southern Vermont, after Stratton Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Taconic Range ridgeline continues to the north from Equinox Mountain as Mother Myrick Mountain and south as Red Mountain; it is flanked to the west by Bennetts Ridge and Bear Mountain, also of the Taconic Range, and to the east by the western escarpment and plateau of the Green Mountains, across the Batten Kill valley. The southeast side of Equinox Mountain drains into the Batten Kill, thence into the Hudson River, and into New York Harbor. The northwest side of Equinox drains into the Green River, a tributary of the Batten Kill.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and other developments</h2><br>
<p>Radio station WEQXs tower is located on the mountain, hence the callsign of the station. There was a former hotel, the Sky Line Inn, which was torn down in 2011 to make way for a new visitors center, the "Saint Bruno Viewing Center". A small, abandoned Cold War-era NORAD radar station can be seen near the summit. The site is now used for two-way communications including the Vermont State Police, and the other radio station to transmit from the mountain, Vermont Public Radio&#39;s WVTQ.</p><br>
<p>An abandoned, now collapsed tunnel boring dating to the mid-1960s would have provided access to a subterranean cryonics receptacle for humans placed in low-temperature suspension. The tunnel project site is located on the northwest slope of the peak near the 2,800 ft level. A private Vermont-based firm, Renew, Inc., had planned to preserve the bodies of several prominent high-IQ individuals for future reawakening. The project was hastily abandoned due to fraud allegations.</p><br>
<p>The Charterhouse of the Transfiguration monastery is situated on the slopes of the mountain. Equinox Mountain can be climbed by several different hiking trails.</p><br>
<h2>Wind farming</h2><br>
<p>Adjacent to the larger Equinox Mountains is Little Equinox, where two wind farms have previously operated. One wind turbine was installed in 1981 and three more in 1982, making Little Equinox Mountain the site of one of the first wind farms in the United States. These turbines, an early-generation design by WTG Systems of Buffalo, New York, were mounted on 80 ft truss towers and had a nominal peak output of 350 kW. The turbines, however, were plagued with mechanical issues, and by the mid-1980s all four were out of service, standing idle on the mountain from 1985 through 1989.</p><br>
<p>Green Mountain Power began operating the site in 1988, erecting a wind measurement tower and removing the four old turbines. It installed two USA Windpower 100 kW turbines in 1990, which ran for four years making electricity. Green Mountain Power removed its turbines and measurement tower in 1994. The company now owns the Searsburg Wind Farm in Searsburg, Vermont.</p><br>
<p>Endless Energy Corporation, a wind farm development company based in Maine, has expressed interest in the site for a modern wind farm. They have conducted wind measurements as well as environmental studies of Little Equinox Mountain. To build a wind farm in Vermont, the developer needs to go through the Public Service Board&#39;s Section 248 application process.</p><br>
<p>The Old McHenry County Courthouse, in McHenry County, Illinois, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 1, 1974. Once the courthouse in the county seat of McHenry County, Woodstock, today the courthouse is occupied by various private tenants including a restaurant and an art gallery. It is one of the key structures in the Woodstock Square Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1857 Italianate Old Courthouse was constructed to closely resemble the 1853 Cook County Courthouse (which was eventually destroyed during the Great Chicago Fire). The structure was designed by John M. Van Osdel, the first licensed architect in Chicago. The adjoining structure, the Sheriffs House and Jail was built in 1887. It was there, in the Sheriffs House and Jail that Eugene Debs was held for his refusal to comply with an injunction during the Pullman Strike. Until 1973 McHenry County government office were located in the Old Courthouse. When the government moved out, the building was threatened with demolition, as it stood on prime commercial property. On November 1, 1974, it was recognized by the National Park Service on the National Register of Historic Places. Eight years later it was listed as a contributing property to the Woodstock Square Historic District, a 13 acre corridor in downtown Woodstock. Today the two buildings house two restaurants, one in each building, and art gallery (in the courthouse), a pottery shop (in the jail building) and the Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum</h3><br>
<p>Chester Gould, creator of Dick Tracy comic strips, was a 50-year Woodstock resident. The Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum features original comic strips and Dick Tracy memorabilia and collectibles including artifacts related to the character&#39;s depiction in radio, television and film. The Museum closed its doors in June 2008 and went virtual.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Old McHenry County Courthouse faces the Woodstock public square. The Italianate structure was built out of brick with limestone trim. With four identical, 20 x wings around a 44 ft&sup2; core, the building resembles a Greek cross. The building stands two stories tall with a brick basement. A cupola is found at the center of the cross. A bay was later added to the southern wing, and small additions were made from the judge&#39;s chamber and a vault. The southwest corner has a one-story addition. The jail was originally found in the basement, but was moved to a new building along the north wall in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Depot Freight House and Train Shed , now officially named The Depot, is a historic railroad depot in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. At its peak, the station served 29 trains per day. Following decline, the station was closed and eventually adapted into various other uses.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad had a long history in the Minneapolis area, beginning in 1865 when a predecessor railroad, the Minnesota Central, built a line from Mendota to Minneapolis. The Minnesota Central also built a line from Mendota to St. Paul in that early era. Eventually, rail lines connected Minneapolis and St. Paul with Milwaukee, Wisconsin via Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The freight house and the first depot were built in 1879, with an Italianate architectural style. The first depot was razed after a new facility, with Renaissance Revival architecture, was built in 1899.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the facility&#39;s most distinguishing feature, the clock tower, was pinnacled and modeled after the Giralda in Seville, Spain; high winds destroyed the pinnacle in 1941 and the tower has since had a flat top.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The freight house served a large percentage of less-than-carload freight arriving and departing from the Minneapolis area. Passenger traffic was also significant. In 1916, 15 passenger trains per day used the depot. Later years included the flagship Hiawathas. Rail yard facilities just south of downtown, on Hiawatha Avenue north of Lake Street, serviced the trains. By 1920, the peak of activity, 29 trains per day used the depot. Into the 1960s, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (or Rock Island) operated the Twin Star Rocket bound for Houston, via Des Moines and Dallas from the station.</p><br>
<h2>Closure and reuse</h2><br>
<p>As passenger rail traffic decreased across the nation and freight facilities were consolidated elsewhere, the Minneapolis depot steadily lost traffic. The depot was closed in 1971 and stood vacant for many years as various redevelopment and reuse plans fizzled. In 1978, the depot and freight house were placed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1980, rail access to the depot was severed when the Milwaukee Road abandoned most of its downtown Minneapolis trackage. In 1998, CSM Corporation began a project to reuse the depot, including a Renaissance Hotel and Residence Inn by Marriott, an indoor water park, and an enclosed outdoor ice skating rink located in the former trainshed. The project was completed in 2001. The water park was converted to additional guest rooms in 2015 during an expansion of the Renaissance Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Other train depots in the Twin Cities</h2><br>
<p>Midway (Amtrak station) - The former passenger station serving the Twin Cities</p><br>
<p>Saint Paul Union Depot - Former and current St. Paul passenger train destination</p><br>
<p>Chicago Great Western Railway Station on South Washington Avenue</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway Station on North 5th street</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Great Northern Depot - Former Minneapolis destination for Chicago and Northwestern, Great Northern, and Northern Pacific passenger trains</p><br>
<p>The Edge House is a historic house located at 1218 West Broad Street in Groveland, Florida. It is locally significant as an excellent example of a Queen Anne Style residence, and is also the only example of this style in the City of Groveland.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The two-story wood-frame building has an asymmetrical plan with bays. The building measures approximately 53 feet by 37 feet and has an irregular footprint. It has a steeply-pitched complex hip roof with gables on the north and south ends, and gable dormer windows on the east and a gable dormer vent on the west side. A corbelled brick chimney pierces the east slope. Horizontal wood siding serves as the exterior walls. Horizontal aluminum siding was added to most exterior walls sometime after 1988. Fenestration is asymmetrical, and includes 1/1 double-hung wooden sash windows, and transoms with leaded glass in diamond patterns.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1902 by one of Grovelands founding citizens, Elliot E. Edge. Edge was one of the first elected city officials. The Edge Memorial Methodist Church was named in memory of him after his death in 1934. Edges son, L. D. Edge, had the distinction of being the youngest man ever elected to the Florida State Legislature. To save the house from demolition and preserve this Groveland landmark, it was moved almost one mile west of its original location when a fast-food restaurant company decided to build on its original site in 1988.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 5, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago and Northwestern Depot is a historic railway station located at the northeast corner of Sacramento and DeKalb Streets in Sycamore, Illinois. The station was built in 1865 to serve as Sycamore&#39;s main railway station. While Sycamore was bypassed by the Chicago and Northwestern Railway  in the early 1850s, several community leaders developed and built the Sycamore, Cortland, and Chicago Railway to link Sycamore to the C&NW at Cortland. The original line, which opened in 1855, lacked an engine and pulled railcars by mule; as the railway became more successful, it was able to purchase an engine and build the station in Sycamore. The station has an Italianate design which resembles contemporary DeKalb architecture but is noticeably different from the standardized depots built elsewhere in the C&NW system. The branch and station were acquired by the C&NW in 1883.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the National Register on December 8, 1978. At the time of its listing, it was being used as a warehouse by ITT-Holub Industries.</p><br>
<p>Swirl How is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands between Coniston and the Duddon Valley in the southern part of the District.</p><br>
<p>The Coniston (or Furness) Fells form the watershed between Coniston Water and the Duddon valley to the west. The range begins at Wrynose Pass and runs south for around 10 miles before petering out at Broughton in Furness on the Duddon Estuary. Alfred Wainwright in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells took only the northern half of the range as Lakeland proper, consigning the lower fells to the south to a supplementary work The Outlying Fells of Lakeland. Swirl How being a significant high point of the Coniston Fells therefore qualifies as one of the 214 Wainwrights. Later guidebook writers have chosen to include the whole range in their main volumes.</p><br>
<h2>Doubt over height</h2><br>
<p>There is some doubt in the literature over the altitude of Swirl How. This takes on a greater significance since if it is the high point of the Coniston Fells, it is only so by a small margin. Its near neighbour, The Old Man of Coniston is within a few feet of parity. The Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 series has no spot height for Swirl How, although it is included on the 1:50,000 and the height is stated as 802m. Birkett also quote 2,630 ft (802 m) whilst Richards quote 2,637 ft. (804 m)</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Swirl How sends out ridges to the four points of the compass, each leading to further fells. Consequently, it also feeds the headwaters of four valleys.</p><br>
<p>The ridge northward to Great Carrs is named Top of Broad Slack, Broad Slack being a ferociously steep grass slope climbing out of the Greenburn valley between neighbouring crags. The ridge is a grassy plateau with a pronounced downward tilt to the west. The eastern edge is precipitous, curving around the head of Greenburn. On the journey to Great Carrs the path passes a memorial. This is the site of a wartime aircrash and bears the sad remains of a Royal Canadian Air Force Handley Page Halifax bomber. The undercarriage, together with a wooden cross and memorial cairn lies on the top of the ridge with the rest of the wreckage spread down Broad Slack. In his guidebook The Southern Fells Alfred Wainwright suggests that the plane approached from the west, failed to clear the ridge and tumbled down the other side. In fact, the wrecked aircraft came to rest on the western slope; the majority of the wreckage was subsequently pushed over the edge of broad slack by the RAF salvage crew, in order to make it less prominent and reduce the likelihood of overflying pilots spotting the wreckage and repeatedly reporting the crash. An engine and propeller from the aircraft are preserved at the Ruskin Museum in Coniston. The tilted plateau of the north ridge is triangular in plan, narrowing to a point at Fairfield in the west. This is the col between Swirl How and the ridge&#39;s western outlier, Grey Friar. To the north of this ridge are long slopes leading down to the Duddon at Wrynose Bottom.</p><br>
<p>The main ridge continues southward, stepping down Great and Little How Crags to the depression of Levers Hawse. From here it rises again to Brim Fell with Dow Crag and The Old Man Of Coniston beyond. To the west of the Hawse is the valley of Tarn Head Beck, the main feeder of Seathwaite Tarn, a reservoir in a side valley of the Duddon system. This was originally a much smaller waterbody, but was dammed early in the 20th century to provide drinking water for the Barrow-in-Furness area. The dam is almost 400 yards long and is concrete cored with slate buttresses, the resulting depth of the tarn being around 80 ft. Water is not abstracted directly from the tarn, but flows some distance downriver to an off-take weir. To the east of Levers Hawse is Levers Water. This smaller tarn has also been raised by damming, but in this case the original user was the Coniston Copper Mines. Following the decline of mining in the late 19th century a water treatment plant was eventually built and the tarn now supplies drinking water for Coniston village.</p><br>
<p>The eastern arm of Swirl How leads down the stony slope of Prison Band to the depression at Swirl Hawse. From here it rises over the subsidiary top of Black Sails to the main summit of Wetherlam. Swirl Hawse Beck runs south from this ridge to feed Levers Water, whilst to the north of Wetherlam is Greenburn.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit ridge exposes welded rhyolitic tuff and lapilli-tuff of the Long Top Member, interspersed with bands of andesitic lapilli tuff of the Wetside Edge Member.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Swirl How is marked by a fine cairn on a stony top, built close to the Greenburn edge of the ridge. The view to the north takes in massed ranks of fells while in other directions the Isle of Man, Morecambe Bay and Pennines can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Direct ascents can be made via Levers Hawse to the south or Swirl Hawse to the east. Both can be gained from Coniston and Swirl Hawse is also a practicable objective from Little Langdale. The right of way shown up the western (Duddon) side of Levers Hawse does not exist as a path on the ground. Many walkers will arrive on Swirl How via one of the surrounding fells, all four ridges carrying fair paths.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the name Swirl How is obscure. A Norwegian dialect word svirle meaning to swirl or whirl around, suggests that there may have been an Old Norse origin. How is believed to derive from the Old Norse word haugr meaning hill or mound.</p><br>
<p>The Roosevelt Elementary School is a historic USA school in Tampa, Florida. It is located at 3205 South Ferdinand Avenue and was constructed in 1925. On May 31, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>School history</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt Elementary was constructed in 1925 and officially opened to students in 1926. The original complex comprised only the main, two-story building and its adjacent wings. The main building included a small cluster of offices, a cafeteria, and the present-day auditorium. There were also 12 classrooms (6 in each wing) within the original campus.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, as the South Tampa area grew, the original wings were expanded, adding six additional classrooms. Later in the 1950s, Obispo Street between Concordia and Ferdinand Avenues was closed to create parking for teachers and faculty. A few years later, an eight-classroom wing was built alongside Obispo St. In 1961, the current cafeteria building was added at the western end of the original wings.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the entire campus was renovated. Among the improvements, the original lower floor of the main building was reconfigured to create offices for school administration. A media center and faculty lounge were also created. Several classrooms were also added, and a computer lab would follow in 1994. The school&#39;s auditorium was dedicated to former US Congressman and Roosevelt alumni Sam Gibbons in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, with the population growth in South Tampa continuing, Roosevelt Elementary began making changes for its future. The 1955 wing was expanded to create four more classrooms and entire campus was updated with new technology to thrust the school into the 21st century. Roosevelt was added to National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the school underwent yet another expansion with an eight classroom building on the southwest corner of the campus, bringing the total number of classrooms to 35. A covered pavilion was also built along Concordia Ave.</p><br>
<p>The Lichgate on High Road is a site in Tallahassee, Florida. It is located at 1401 High Road. On March 31, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lichgate cottage was the home of the late Laura Jepsen, a professor of comparative literature at Florida State University from 1946 to 1978.</p><br>
<p>Jepsen purchased the property on which the cottage now stands in 1955 from a group of individuals representing the Capital City Free Will Baptist Church. This Church was never established but the sale of the property included covenants preventing development for 25 years after the sale.</p><br>
<p>Jepsen drew inspiration for the design of her cottage from many different sources. The primary source was the appearance of the Earl Gresh Wood Parade Museum located in St. Petersburg, FL. Jepsen even refers to the Wood Parade home in her final book called Lichgate on High Road, writing, "It occurred to me that it might not be impossible to move a small house from St. Petersburg, Florida, to a site in Tallahassee...The little house, constructed by the builders of a museum to display woods of various trees in the world, was, like its neighbor, a model of Tudor architecture, with the steep roof cut away over doors and windows to represent the rood of a thatched cottage and with the tall chimney surmounted by a chimney pot."</p><br>
<p>After her death on Christmas Eve, 1995, Lichgate and other properties owned by Jepsen were given to The Nature Conservancy and by August 1997, a small group had come forward to assume care of the property. This group was the Laura Jepsen Institute Inc. which was established by a former student, friends, and acquaintances, inspired by her life&#39;s work. The property is open to the public and small groups. Features include a large live oak tree, a Tudor-style fairy-tale cottage, and gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Hastings High School is a historic public high school building in the St. Johns County School District. It is located at 6195 South Main Street in Hastings, Florida, in southwest St. Johns County, Florida. The building no longer operates as a school, and currently serves as a library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of a new school, designed by Fred A. Henderich, began in May 1924. The two-story coquina building had a roof of Spanish tile and included 12 classrooms, laboratories, administrative offices, a cafeteria and an auditorium with seating for 650. Lighting was electric and heat was provided with hot water radiators.</p><br>
<p>The Hastings Branch of the St. Johns County Public Library is located in this building.</p><br>
<p>On June 14, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>White Pine Village  is an outdoor museum in Ludington, Michigan, containing nineteenth-century buildings and related historical items. The twenty-nine buildings in the village contain artifacts relating to pioneer lumbering, music, farming, shipping, sports, and businesses. The museum&#39;s centerpiece is an 1849 farmhouse.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>White Pine Village is a self-guided outdoor museum located three miles south of Ludington in Mason County, Michigan. It is nationally recognized and is the largest historical village in west Michigan. It has twenty-nine preserved and refurbished historic buildings of Michigan on the village grounds, with period-costumed guides, containing thousands of artifacts that are mostly from the nineteenth century. White Pine Village shows how the early settlers of Michigan in the 1800s lived.</p><br>
<p>The pioneer village attracts between about 15,000 and 18,000 tourists yearly. It has been listed as one of four unique tourist attractions in West Michigan by the Michigan Tourist Association and the Michigan Department of Transportation; the other three are the Shrine of the Pines in Baldwin, White River Light Museum in Whitehall, and the Music House in Acme. The museum is open as weather permits between April and October. It is located three miles south of Ludington.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1965, Mrs. Rose Hawley, a Michigan historian, came up with the idea for a pioneer-type, history, outdoor museum. Jorissen did much of the initial museum layout and oversaw its general construction. Hawley was the founder and Jorissen was the co-founder of the new museum.</p><br>
<p>The original Pioneer Village outdoor museum of twelve buildings on 23 acres opened in 1976 on the weekend of the Fourth of July to thousands of local residents. The first buildings to be reconstructed were the first Mason County Courthouse, Marchido School, Pere Marquette Townhall, Trappers Cabin (Mason Countys first post office), General Store, Fire Barn, Abe Nelson Blacksmith Shop, Abe Nelson Lumbering Museum, The Livery exhibit building, the future Maritime Museum, the Village Chapel, and a barn.</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s original name, "Pioneer Village", was already being used by a similar museum in Nebraska, so it was changed after two years. A contest to find a new name was held by the Mason County Historical Society; the new name selected for the museum was Historic White Pine Village (shortened "White Pine Village").</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and museums</h2><br>
<p>The twenty-nine buildings on the grounds are small, individually-themed museums in their own right. Many have been restored to their original designs. Some have been "adopted" by local Mason County families, businesses, or organizations and are supported by them. In addition, there are designated site areas on the grounds that display Macon County history.</p><br>
<h3>Admission Building</h3><br>
<p>The George Petersen Sr. Admission Building is the main entrance to White Pine Village. It is the admission area and has a gift shop, the main office, Mason County Historical Society Research Library, and the coordinator of the village services. The library has history books, photographs, scrapbooks, documents, maps, and old newspapers. The genealogy department has material that originally came from the main Ludington library. The archived materials include Mason County family histories, obituaries, and cemetery records. The library also has historical business records of past companies of Mason County. The general public can use the library for a fee.</p><br>
<h3>Burr Caswell's house</h3><br>
<p>The Burr Caswell farmhouse was built in 1849; it was Mason Countys first frame building. In 1855, the bottom part of the house was converted to accommodate government use and served for five years as the first Mason County Courthouse. Caswell, the first permanent white settler in Mason County, was born with the given name Aaron Burr after the United States president. He was the countys first probate judge and later became a keeper for the Big Point Sauble lighthouse. The farmhouse was also Mason County&#39;s first store and first jail.</p><br>
<h3>Marchido School</h3><br>
<p>The Mason County, rural, one-room school was built in the 1890s. The school is completely restored to its original condition.</p><br>
<h3>Doctor's office</h3><br>
<p>White Pine Village doctors office is a building from nearby Custer, Michigan, built in the early 20th century. It housed Dr. Dogoods practice of 1916 and Dr. Blanchette&#39;s practice of 1917–47. The building was moved from Custer and restored as part of the outdoor museum.</p><br>
<h3>Rose Hawley museum</h3><br>
<p>Rose Hawley was instrumental in founding Historic White Pine Village. She also contributed to developing out four museums in downtown Ludington. One museum in her name and its entire collection was moved in 1994 from Ludington to White Pine Village. The Rose Hawley museum originally opened in 1951. In 1960 the contents were moved to a larger facility and again in 1986. The White Pine Village building has on display the original, third-order Fresnel lens from Big Sable Point Lighthouse.</p><br>
<h3>Fire station</h3><br>
<p>The fire engine, which was made in 1937, is loaned to White Pine Village by Mike McDonald, a fireman who worked for the Ludington Fire Department from about 1959 to 1995.</p><br>
<h3>Burns farmhouse</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Burns and his wife Mary lived in this farmhouse. It is typical of late-nineteenth-century Michigan farmhouses.</p><br>
<h3>Print shop</h3><br>
<p>The Siddon Print Shop museum building is the third log building erected on the village premises. It was previously the 1880s Siddon Post Office building that was located on Townline Road in Mason County, Michigan. The post office was disassembled and the logs were shipped to White Pine Village, where a new foundation was prepared for reassembling.</p><br>
<h3>Maritime museum</h3><br>
<p>In 2001, after the Coast Guard Station in downtown Ludington moved to more modern facilities, The Mason County Historical Society negotiated to acquire the original location as an extension representing maritime history. The station was purchased by the city and became part of White Pine Village. It shows the history of S.S. Badger, Big Sable Lighthouse, and North Pier Lighthouse.</p><br>
<h3>Lumbering museum</h3><br>
<p>The museum building houses the personal collection of lumberman Abe Nelson of Ludington. He was born in Norway and his family moved to the United States when he four years old. Paul Bunyan was his idol, so he made items larger than normal. is powered by a Huber tractor with a Ludington-made Stearns engine. (see video demonstration in Illustrations)</p><br>
<p>An early 20th-century lumber camp in Victory Township was donated to house the museum. The two 100-year-old buildings were moved from their original location to White Pine Village. The buildings, a blacksmith shop, and a cooking shanty were originally constructed by John G. Peterson, a local lumberman. Michigan logging wheels that were used to drag logs out of the woods are displayed on the grounds.</p><br>
<h3>Car museum</h3><br>
<p>The Max K. Rahn building houses the White Pine Village Car Museum. In 1994, Pere Marquette Township, in which White Pine Village is located, submitted a grant application to the Michigan Equity grant program for $20,000 for the car museum project. The building size is about 55 feet wide by approximately 160 feet in length. Several automobiles, including a 1917 Detroit Electric and a 1924 Model T-Ford, are displayed there. There is also related antique car paraphernalia and an old gasoline pump.</p><br>
<h3>Blacksmith shop</h3><br>
<p>The blacksmith shop is a recreation of Abe Nelson&#39;s past business. He was a railroad blacksmith in the Mason County area. The blacksmith shop often has a working blacksmith dressed in period bib overalls making iron items like horseshoes and fireplace pokers.</p><br>
<h3>Time museum</h3><br>
<p>The Mason County Horological Society coordinated the making of the Village Time Museum. The building housing the "Clock Shop" was constructed in 1990,</p><br>
<h3>Post office</h3><br>
<p>The contents in this building are those of the former Pentwater Post Office, which moved to a new location in 1972. Guy VanNortwick owned the contents and was its postmaster from 1956 until his death in 1974. He wanted the items to be given to a museum.</p><br>
<h3>Hardware store</h3><br>
<p>The hardware building is a replica of the 1920s William Anderson Hardware Store formerly on South Madison Street in downtown Ludington. The contents are original and displayed as they were in 1978, as verified from a photograph taken when the store closed.</p><br>
<h3>White Pine Chapel</h3><br>
<p>The chapel was constructed by the village staff; it is from several architectural styles used in rural Mason County churches. The window in the narthex was financed by Scottville United Methodist Church. The sanctuary window, a memorial to an early Ludington pharmacist, and a Calvary cross were a gift from Grace Episcopal Church in Ludington, Michigan. One of the organs in the chapel was built around 1860 by the Star Organ Company. Riverton Township St. Paul United Methodist donated their steeple to the museum when they upgraded to another.</p><br>
<h3>Museum of Music</h3><br>
<p>The Museum of Music building displays the 100-year history of Scottville Clown Band as its main theme. Scottville is a town 30 mileswest of White Pine Village. The building also displays old instruments, music equipment, and antique radios.</p><br>
<h3>General store</h3><br>
<p>The Cole’s General Store museum is the second log building at White Pine Village. The log cabin was the home of Henry Clay Cole and his wife Olive Beebe when they owned 80 acres in Summit Township of Mason County, Michigan. It was relocated to the outdoor museum grounds in 1975.</p><br>
<h3>Trapper's cabin</h3><br>
<p>This is the first log cabin at White Pine Village. It was originally constructed by William Quevillon, a French trapper, during a hunting trip in Mason County around 1850. Quevillion moved his family to his new home in 1852 from Grand Haven, Michigan,</p><br>
<h2>Illustrations and demonstrations</h2><br>
<p>Some of the occasional performances are that of blacksmithing, spinning, leatherworking, candlemaking, wood carving, and basket making. Each season, special events that represent aspects of Michigans nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century history are held. Events include antique shows, American Civil War reenactments, ice cream socials, log cabin days, maritime stories, and music concerts. The History in Action days consist of storytelling, farmhouse cooking, one-room schoolhouse mini-sessions, cider press demonstrations, barn loom weaving, flint knapping, windmill interpretations, sorghum press demonstrations, basket making, and pumpkin painting. Childrens Days involve historical illustrations and demonstrations of period clothes, games, baking, and songs. The Jorissen Barn illustrates the handling and processing of milk.</p><br>
<p>The 1900 town hall has an ice-cream parlor popular with children during warm, summer days. It has a marble fountain, and hand-crafted oak and leaded glass cabinets.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War re-enactment</h3><br>
<p>Re-enactments of The American Civil War are held each summer. Around thirty-six re-enactors demonstrate camp living, soldiers playing baseball, medical procedures like amputation, cannon firings, and rifle shooting. Ceremonies include flag raising and lowering. The annual re-enactment event is known as the Penfield Civil War Muster and involves Michigan Light Artillery batteries.</p><br>
<h3>Videos of demonstrations</h3><br>
<p>The Florida Governors Mansion  is a historic USA residence in Tallahassee, Florida. On July 20, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion, which was designed to resemble Andrew Jackson&#39;s Hermitage, was designed by Marion Sims Wyeth, who also designed numerous Palm Beach mansions including Mar-a-Lago. The building has 30 rooms and 15,000 ft2 of living space on 1.5 acre of land.</p><br>
<h2>Furnishings and antiques</h2><br>
<p>The mansions furnishings are managed by the eight-member Governors Mansion Commission, established by the Florida Department of Management Services. The commission is responsible for cataloging and maintaining a descriptive, photographic inventory of the antique furnishings and articles of furniture, fixtures, and decorative objects used or displayed in the state rooms of the Governor’s Mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Public tours</h2><br>
<p>Half-hour, public tours of the Florida Governors Mansion are available year-round. The guided tours, led by trained volunteers of the Governors Mansion Docent Program, also welcomes school groups. The Governor&#39;s Mansion curator coordinates all tour requests.</p><br>
<h2>Entrance park and Florida's Finest sculpture</h2><br>
<p>The focal point of the park directly across the street from the mansion is the bronze sculpture, Florida&#39;s Finest, which was unveiled in April 1998 by then Governor and Mrs. Lawton Chiles and was dedicated to the children of Florida. The sculpture features five life-size children and a dog playing a game of "Follow the Leader" atop three logs of a fallen tree.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1845 (the year Florida was admitted to the Union) to the beginning of the 20th century, governors of the state usually lived in hotels or boardinghouses. George Saxon, a banker from Tallahassee, donated four lots on which to build the residence. Henry John Klutho designed the home, with a Neoclassical exterior and a 14-room Georgian interior.</p><br>
<p>The 1907 mansion attracted at least one candidate for governor. In the fall of 1915, West Florida Baptists held their annual convention in Tallahassee. Local Baptists agreed to have as guests in their homes the delegates, or messengers as they were called, to the convention. A messenger named Sidney J. Catts, from DeFuniak Springs, was assigned by the convention committee to be the guest of Governor and Mrs. Trammell. Reverend Catts, during dinner the first night there, asked many questions about the mansion and inspected the entire premises, including the attic and stables. At the last meal before leaving, the Reverend Catts asked Governor Trammel, "Governor, how much rent does this place cost you?" Governor Trammel replied, "Reverend, it is provided rent-free by the taxpayers of Florida." A few weeks later, the Reverend Catts announced his candidacy for governor and was elected in 1916. Reverend Catts brought a pig, milk cow, and chickens to the mansion during his tenure as governor.</p><br>
<p>The house served fifteen governors and their families until 1955, when it was determined that a new mansion would need to be built due to a lack of enough space in the house and various structural issues. Many items in the first mansion were auctioned in 1955 to aid in furnishing the new mansion, raising $7,500.</p><br>
<p>Noted Palm Beach architect Marion Sims Wyeth was unanimously chosen by both the Cabinet and the Governors Mansion Advisory Committee to design the new home. Wyeth was told to use Andrew Jacksons home in Tennessee, The Hermitage, as a model for the exterior. However, due to a shortfall in the states budget, the completed home had fewer rooms than originally planned. Including furnishings, the new mansion cost $350,000 and was completed a year later, in 1956. The contributions of this foundation helped to make possible the first addition to the Governors Mansion since 1957, the Florida Sun Room. The foundation was created to solicit private funding for the restoration of the mansion, its furnishings, and its grounds.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the second addition to the Mansion was completed, a new 550 ft2 library for Governor Jeb Bush and his wife, Columba Bush. The Cabinet approved the $500,000 expansion in August 2005. The building celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2005, as well as being added to the National Register of Historic Places. The mansion now includes a greenhouse and the Manatee Sculpture Garden, and is next to a private park.</p><br>
<p>The Trapper Nelson Zoo Historic District, also known as Trapper Nelson Hunting Camp and Trapper Nelson Interpretive Site, is an historic district located south of Hobe Sound, Florida, in the United States. It is inside Jonathan Dickinson State Park at 16450 Southeast Federal Highway. On October 3, 2006, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vince "Trapper" Nelson developed a zoo on his property in the 1950s, and his camp and zoo became popular tourist attractions, where such celebrities as Gene Tunney and Gary Cooper visited. He was known locally as the "Tarzan of the Loxahatchee".</p><br>
<p>He was found dead in his cabin by a friend in 1968, and his death was ruled a suicide. His land was acquired by the state of Florida, and is now part of Jonathan Dickinson State Park.</p><br>
<p>After the land was converted to a park, but still unopen to the public, the camp was often vandalized. One of Nelson&#39;s tool sheds was burned down; the arsonist attempted to burn other buildings but was unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>In April 1984, park rangers discovered Nelson&#39;s "treasure": a hiding place in his chimney held 5,005 coins, totaling $1,829.46. The coins ranged in date from the 1890s to the 1960s. A thorough search of the camp was conducted before revealing the find to the public, but nothing more was found.</p><br>
<p>The camp still stands today, with his cabin, a guest cabin, a chickee shelter, docks, a boathouse, and assorted cages from his zoo. There are also fruit trees that he planted, including surinam cherry, Java plum and wild almond.</p><br>
<p>The DeKalb County Courthouse is located in the county seat of DeKalb County, Illinois, USA, the city of Sycamore. The Classical Revival structure sits on a square facing Illinois Route 64 as it passes through the city. The current courthouse was constructed in 1905 amid controversy over where the courthouse and thus, ultimately, the county seat would be located. The current building is the third structure to bear the name "DeKalb County Courthouse." DeKalb Countys Courthouse still serves as the countys primary judicial center and is a contributing property to the Sycamore Historic District. The district joined the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. As the county&#39;s primary courthouse for over 100 years, the site has been host to many trials, including prominent murder cases.</p><br>
<p>The building is cast in the Classical Revival architectural style and contains elements common to that style. Stained glass, columns and a pediment are among the more noticeable features at a glance. The rear facade of the building is designed to resemble a temple and also features stained glass windows. A stone porte-cochere covers the rear driveway. Inside the buildings third floor courtroom is more stained glass, in the form of a skylight. During the early 1980s a made for television movie had scenes filmed in the DeKalb County Courthouses courtroom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Today&#39;s DeKalb County Courthouse is the third in a line of structures to carry that name. In 1839 a log structure was built and called the county courthouse; the log building stood across the street from the current courthouse. Ten years later, in 1850, the second DeKalb County Courthouse was erected. From December 13, 1902 until April 17, 1924, DeKalb-Sycamore Electric Traction Company operated a trolley route between the two cities (DeKalb and Sycamore), which ended at the DeKalb County Courthouse. The current courthouse, which sits on the same site as the 1850 building, was erected in 1905.</p><br>
<h3>First courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The DeKalb County Circuit Court came into existence in June 1839 when the first session of court met in Sycamore&#39;s first courthouse building, though the building was somewhat incomplete. At first, it seemed, that Sycamore might not be the location of the DeKalb County Courthouse; other towns were vying for the county seat title. A now defunct town called Brush Point was the choice of a Dr. Henry Madden and Rufus Colton would have preferred Coltonville, where he made his home.</p><br>
<p>Colton, the Clerk of the Court and preparer of the writs and process of the court, had set the first session of county court to be held at his home, in Coltonville.</p><br>
<h3>Second courthouse</h3><br>
<p>By 1849 growth in DeKalb County necessitated a new courthouse. That year the county commissioners appointed three citizens, Ellzey P. Young, Kimball Dow, and J.C. Kellogg, to contract for a new courthouse building. The courthouse building was to be constructed at the center of the public square; the location of the 1850 DeKalb County Courthouse. The county commissioners also stipulated the building be brick and 60 by 40 ft wide. The cost, as directed by the commissioners, was not to exceed $6,000. Twenty five percent of that cost was contributed by private citizens. Young and the other appointees were also authorized, by the county, to sell the old courthouse as well as any town lots owned by the county in order to help raise money for the project. Eventually, William Phelps was contracted for the construction of the two-story brick structure which was topped with a large cupola clock tower. It was completed in 1850 and the county inaugurated the courthouse with Grand Ball in 1851.</p><br>
<h3>Third courthouse</h3><br>
<p>This time, it was the city of DeKalb that sought to wrest the title of county seat away from Sycamore. Two of DeKalbs most prominent citizens, Jacob Haish and Isaac L. Ellwood, each promised to donate $20,000 to help absorb some of the new buildings cost; their donation hinged upon the courthouse being moved to and constructed in DeKalb. The city of Sycamore responded by raising $70,000 in donations from its citizens and legal wrangling continued, until 1904. Haish eventually pledged $103,000 for a DeKalb courthouse but it was decided that the county seat would stay in Sycamore and ground was broken, despite the continuing legal battle, on October 29, 1903. The building was completed on March 1, 1905 and the Crew Brothers Company was hired to demolish the 1850 DeKalb County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In recent history the third DeKalb County Courthouse has figured in films, as well as the Global War on Terrorism. Courtroom scenes for the 1982 made for television movie Will, the story of G. Gordon Liddy (of Watergate infamy), were filmed in the courthouse&#39;s third floor courtroom.</p><br>
<h3>Circuit court history</h3><br>
<p>The DeKalb County Courthouse serves DeKalb County, Illinois as its main judiciary building. As such, it is the location of any trials and court proceedings in the county. The DeKalb County Circuit Court falls under the Illinois 16th Judicial Circuit, along with the circuit courts in Kendall and Kane Counties. Through its 100-year history prominent criminal trials and other events have occurred at the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest notable cases in the DeKalb County Circuit Court was the murder trial of Henry C. Atwood in 1866, in the second DeKalb Courthouse building. Atwood, 17 years old at the time, was charged with murdering his wife, Ada, then 15. The Chicago Tribune called the events "a thrilling tragedy enacted in the little town of DeKalb, in the county of DeKalb." Prominent DeKalb resident Jacob Haish testified for the prosecution during Atwood&#39;s trial.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1966 the trial of Russell Charles Dewey was underway at the courthouse. Dewey was accused of murdering and burning the body of Susan Brady, who disappeared on December 20, 1965; he was arrested in for the crime in February 1966. Dewey was convicted of the crime on August 21, 1966.</p><br>
<p>On March 22, 1971 a group of Northern Illinois University students were arrested while protesting the clear cutting of a forested area on the DeKalb, Illinois campus. About 150 students blockaded the roads leading to the forested site with debris; twelve were arrested and the subsequent proceedings at the DeKalb County Courthouse were covered by the Chicago Tribune. All charges were eventually dismissed in the case.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1990 an exiting judge, Rex Meilinger, presented an unusual request to the DeKalb County Board. Meilinger announced, partway through his term, that he planned to retire and requested that his retirement dinner be held "at the courthouse" when asked. Meilinger assured the board that the move was legal and preparations began for a catered dinner for more than 200 guests at the DeKalb County Courthouse. Tables were set up in the lobbies on each floor of the building and the circuit clerk&#39;s first floor office was transformed into a bar. The third floor courtroom hosted an after-dinner roast in honor of the exiting judge.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The north side of the DeKalb County Courthouse is not as ornately decorated as the south face but each has its own distinctive qualities. The courthouse drive, entering from Exchange Street, crosses below a stone porte-cochere on the courthouse property. The back side of the building features four pilasters with composite capitals which give the courthouse a temple appearance.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>From November 1984 to June 1987 the DeKalb County Courthouse underwent an interior restoration, which was completed in time for the sesquicentennial celebration for DeKalb County. The restoration, at an approximate cost of $100,000, was undertaken by Conrad Schmitt Studios of New Berlin, Wisconsin. The modern front doors to the courthouse hide the original, beveled glass front doors from view. Once inside the modern doors, the nonfunctional original doors can be seen, standing wide open, to be admired; each door weighs several hundred pounds. Past the doors, in the buildings main lobby, is the large, marble staircase to the second floor. The staircase, as well as the lobbys wainscoting, is done in gray Tennessee marble. Most of the first floor is original to the building, including the hexagonal marble flooring, stained glass windows and two original, first floor courtrooms. The plasterwork along the walls and ceilings of the lobby is ornately decorated.</p><br>
<p>Ascending the staircase are bronze railings with mahogany banisters. The railings are decorated with the swastika symbol which, whilst mostly associated with Nazi Germany, has been traced back as far as the 3rd millennium B.C.E. in Asia. The stairways newel posts, on the landing between the second and third floors, are a pair of bronze rams heads, identical newel posts grace the bottom of the stairs as well. The second floor landing offers a view of the stained glass windows, all original, which were fully restored during the 1980s renovation. Elevator access is also located on the second floor landing, the elevator was a 1950s addition to the courthouse. Originally, to access the third floor, the only option was one of two staircases. Both staircases rose from the second floor landing to the third floor, one staircase was located to either side of the stairwell leading to the landing. When the elevator was installed the staircase on the left-hand side of the landing was removed.</p><br>
<p>Inside the ornate buildings third floor courtroom is a stained glass skylight centered by a ten-pointed star. The room is adorned with six brass lamps, and chandeliers, which are clustered with glass globes. In its original state an old-fashioned, four-bladed ceiling fan hung from the courtroom ceiling. The third floor courtroom has been called, "the buildings single most distinctive interior space" by Steve Bigolin. The furnishings in the courtroom, including the chandeliers, plasterwork, beveled glass doors and stained glass work are all original.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was included in the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Sycamore Historic District in 1978. Of the 209 structures contained within the district when it was originally nominated the courthouse is one of 40 possessing "special architectural and/or historical significance," which strongly contributes to the character of the historic district. The courthouse was one of twenty structures detailed on the 1978 nomination form and was noted as having "architectural significance."</p><br>
<p>Black Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It rises to the north of Tarn Hows, between Coniston and Hawkshead.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Black Fell is the high point in the hilly area bounded by Windermere, Langdale and Coniston. It occupies an area of around one mile by two, clad mainly in fell grass with many small outcrops of rock. Despite its modest altitude Alfred Wainwright accorded Black Fell a chapter in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, partly due to its excellence as a view point. It represents the perimeter of the Lakeland Fells proper in his opinion, the land to the south falling within his supplementary volume, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland. Later guidebook writers have also included Black Fell within their remit.</p><br>
<p>The fell has no obvious connecting ridges in the manner of higher mountains, but in fact has a pivotal position in this area of the district. To the west over Oxen Fell High Cross (518 ft) is Holme Fell and an onward link to Wetherlam and the Furness Fells (Coniston Fells). To the south east a broad highland runs out between Windermere and Esthwaite Water, terminating in Claife Heights. Finally southward runs the 7 mile ridge of Grizedale Forest, capped by Carron Crag and Top oSelside, Black Fells topographical parent.</p><br>
<p>Black Fell&#39;s northern boundary is formed by Elter Water and the River Brathay. The broadleaved woodland of Brow Coppice stands above the village of Skelwith Bridge in the valley. Beyond the eastern slopes is a mile of gently falling country, running through plantations to the head of Windermere. There are many tarns within this landscape, most of them artificial. The largest are Blelham Tarn and the pools near the Drunken Duck (Inn) crossroads. On the western side is the A593 road from Coniston to Ambleside, crossing the minor pass of Oxen Fell.</p><br>
<p>South of Black Fell is Tarn Hows, a picturesque work of landscape design initiated by James Marshall in the 1860s. This is one of the most popular destinations in the Lake District, the mixture of water, rock and arboretum being finely contrived. Now owned by the National Trust, the motor traffic is so great that a one-way system had to be initiated as early as the 1960s. Tarn Hows is maintained by a dam at the south west corner and circumnavigated by a broad, level path, providing access to all. Few of the millions of visitors stray onto the slopes of Black Fell, or even know the name of the hill which provides the backdrop to so many photographs.</p><br>
<p>The whole fell was once owned by the Marshall family of Monk Coniston, before passing via a Mrs Heelis (better known as Beatrix Potter) to the National Trust, by whom it is held in perpetuity for the nation.</p><br>
<p>Although the lower slopes are wooded (except in the west), the top of the fell is open to the sky. In addition to the summit outcrop, somewhat optimistically titled Black Crag on maps, there are other tops at Great Cobble and Stephen How to the north, and Arnside and Tover Intakes to the south. A further feature on the southern flank of the fell is Iron Keld Plantation, through which the main access path to the summit climbs. There are some steeper areas, particularly at Pull Scar on the eastern side.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The fell is composed of the dacitic lapilli-tuff of the Lincomb Tarns Formation. Immediately to the east is the Brathay Fault, beyond which are sedimentary rocks of the Windermere Group.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>A bridleway runs across the fell from the summit of the A593 in the west to Knipe Fold in the east, locally known as the "mountain road".</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>All ascents end via the short walk from the bridleway at Iron Keld to the summit, but starts can be made at Skelwith Bridge, High Park, Oxen Fell, Yew Tree Tarn, Tom Gill, Tarn Hows or Knipe Fold.</p><br>
<p>The Zinalrothorn  is a mountain in the Pennine Alps in Switzerland. Its name comes from the village of Zinal lying on the north side and from the German word Rothorn which means Red Peak. When it was first climbed in 1864 the mountain was known locally as Moming.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Zinalrothorn is one of the high summits separating the Matter valley on the east and the Val dAnniviers (or more precisely the Val de Zinal) on the west. The summit of the Weisshorn (4,505 m) is located 5 km to the north and the Dent Blanche 7 km to the west. At the western foot of the mountain lies the large Zinal Glacier and, on the northern side, the Moming Glacier. LEpaule (the shoulder) is a minor summit lying at the base of the northern ridge.</p><br>
<p>The villages of Täsch and Zermatt are the closest while Zinal on the north-west is located further (9 km).</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent was made on 22 August 1864 via the north ridge by Leslie Stephen and Florence Crauford Grove with guides Jakob Anderegg and Melchior Anderegg (AD). They left Zinal at 1 a.m. and ascended the Zinal Glacier. The reached the shoulder from the ridge connecting the Blanc de Moming at the base of the northern ridge at 9 a.m. The traverse of the ridge to the summit took them 2 hours, Stephen wrote later that it was the nastiest piece of climbing I have ever accomplished.</p><br>
<p>The slightly less difficult normal route, the south-east ridge, was first climbed by the combined parties of Clinton Thomas Dent with guide Alexander Burgener, and George Augustus Passingham, with guides Ferdinand Imseng and Franz Andermatten on 5 September 1872.</p><br>
<p>The first winter and ski ascent was by Marcel Kurz and T. Theytaz on 7 February 1914.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s Mrs Aubrey Le Blond, the first president of the Ladies&#39; Alpine Club, left her detachable skirt by mistake up the Zinalrothorn. To preserve her modesty, she made the decision to climb the mountain a second time to retrieve it rather than return to Zermatt in trousers.</p><br>
<p>Ani  is a ruined medieval Armenian city now situated in Turkey&#39;s province of Kars, next to the closed border with Armenia.</p><br>
<p>Between 961 and 1045, it was the capital of the Bagratid Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey. Called the "City of 1001 Churches",</p><br>
<p>Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani was sacked by the Mongols in 1236 and devastated in a 1319 earthquake, after which it was reduced to a village and gradually abandoned and largely forgotten by the seventeenth century. Ani is a widely recognized cultural, religious, and national heritage symbol for Armenians. According to Razmik Panossian, Ani is one of the most visible and ‘tangible’ symbols of past Armenian greatness and hence a source of pride.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The city took its name from the Armenian fortress-city and pagan center of Ani-Kamakh located in the region of Daranaghi in Upper Armenia. Ani was also previously known as Khnamk (Խնամք), although historians are uncertain as to why it was called so. Johann Heinrich Hübschmann, a German philologist and linguist who studied the Armenian language, suggested that the word may have come from the Armenian word "khnamel" (խնամել), an infinitive which means "to take care of". Ani was also the diminutive name of ancient Armenian goddess Anahit who was seen as the mother-protector of Armenia.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the Akhurian River and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley. The Akhurian is a branch of the Araks River and forms part of the currently closed border between Turkey and Armenia. The site is at an elevation of around 4,390 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Armenian chroniclers such as Yeghishe and Ghazar Parpetsi first mentioned Ani in the 5th century. They described it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.</p><br>
<h3>Bagratuni capital</h3><br>
<p>By the early 9th century, the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot Msaker (Ashot the Meateater) (806–827) was given the title of ishkhan (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804. The Bagratunis had their first capital at Bagaran, some 40 km south of Ani, before moving it to Shirakavan, some 25 km northeast of Ani, and then transferring it to Kars in the year 929. In 961, king Ashot III (953–77) transferred the capital from Kars to Ani. Ani expanded rapidly during the reign of King Smbat II (977–89). In 992 the Armenian Catholicosate moved its seat to Ani. In the 10th century the population was perhaps 50,000–100,000. By the start of the eleventh century the population of Ani was well over 100,000, and its renown was such that it was known as the "city of forty gates" and the "city of a thousand and one churches." Ani also became the site of the royal mausoleum of Bagratuni kings.</p><br>
<p>Ani attained the peak of its power during the long reign of King Gagik I (989–1020). After his death his two sons quarreled over the succession. The eldest son, Hovhannes-Smbat (1020–41), gained control of Ani while his younger brother, Ashot IV (1020–40), controlled other parts of the Bagratuni kingdom. Hovhannes-Smbat, fearing that the Byzantine Empire would attack his now-weakened kingdom, made the Byzantine Emperor Basil II his heir. When Hovhannes-Smbat died in 1041, Emperor Michael IV the Paphlagonian, claimed sovereignty over Ani. The new king of Ani, Gagik II (1042–45), opposed this and several Byzantine armies sent to capture Ani were repulsed. However, in 1046 Ani surrendered to the Byzantines, after Gagik was invited to Constantinople and detained there, and at the instigation of pro-Byzantine elements among its population. A Byzantine governor was installed in the city.</p><br>
<h3>Cultural and economic center</h3><br>
<p>Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. Its primary trading partners were the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, the Arabs, as well as smaller nations in southern Russia and Central Asia.</p><br>
<h3>Gradual decline and abandonment</h3><br>
<p>In 1064, a large Seljuk army under Alp Arslan attacked Ani; after a siege of 25 days, they captured the city and slaughtered its population. An account of the sack and massacres in Ani is given by the Arab historian Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, who quotes an eyewitness saying:</p><br>
<p>In 1072, the Seljuks sold Ani to the Shaddadids, a Muslim Kurdish dynasty. The Shaddadids generally pursued a conciliatory policy towards the city’s overwhelmingly Armenian and Christian population and actually married several members of the Bagratid nobility. Whenever the Shaddadid governance became too intolerant, however, the population would appeal to the Christian Kingdom of Georgia for help. The Georgians captured Ani five times between 1124 and 1209: in 1124, 1161, 1174, 1199, and 1209. The first three times, it was recaptured by the Shaddadids. In the year 1199, Georgias Queen Tamar captured Ani and gave the governorship of the city to the generals Zakare and Ivane. They were succeeded by Zakares son Shahanshah. Zakare&#39;s new dynasty—the Zakarids—considered themselves to be the successors to the Bagratids. Prosperity quickly returned to Ani; its defences were strengthened and many new churches were constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Mongols unsuccessfully besieged Ani in 1226, but in 1236 they captured and sacked the city, massacring large numbers of its population. Ani had fallen when Shahanshah was absent. On his return the Zakarids continued to rule Ani, only now as vassals of the Mongols rather than the Georgians.</p><br>
<p>By the 14th century, the city was ruled by a succession of local Turkish dynasties, including the Jalayrids and the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep clan) who made Ani their capital. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1319. Tamerlane captured Ani in the 1380s. On his death the Kara Koyunlu regained control but transferred their capital to Yerevan. In 1441 the Armenian Catholicosate did the same. The Persian Safavids then ruled Ani until it became part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire in 1579. A small town remained within its walls at least until the middle of the seventeenth century, but the site was entirely abandoned by 1735 when the last monks left the monastery in the Virgin&#39;s Fortress or Kizkale.</p><br>
<h3>Modern times</h3><br>
<p>In the first half of the 19th century, European travelers discovered Ani for the outside world, publishing their descriptions in academic journals and travel accounts. The private buildings were little more than heaps of stones but grand public buildings and the city&#39;s double wall were preserved and reckoned to present "many points of great architectural beauty". Ohannes Kurkdjian produced stereoscopic image of Ani in the 2nd half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1878, the Ottoman Empires Kars region—including Ani—was incorporated into the Russian Empires Transcaucasian region. Armenians from neighboring villages and towns also began to visit the city on a regular basis, and there was even talk by Marr&#39;s team of building a school for educating the local Armenian children, building parks, and planting trees to beautify the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, during the latter stages of World War I, the armies of the Ottoman Empire were fighting their way across the territory of the newly declared Republic of Armenia, capturing Kars in April 1918. At Ani, attempts were made to evacuate the artifacts contained in the museum as Turkish soldiers were approaching the site. About 6000 of the most portable items were removed by archaeologist Ashkharbek Kalantar, a participant of Marrs excavation campaigns. At the behest of Joseph Orbeli, the saved items were consolidated into a museum collection; they are currently part of the collection of Yerevans State Museum of Armenian History.</p><br>
<p>Everything that was left behind was later looted or destroyed. Turkeys surrender at the end of World War I led to the restoration of Ani to Armenian control, but a resumed offensive against the Armenian Republic in 1920 resulted in Turkeys recapture of Ani. In 1921 the signing of the Treaty of Kars formalized the incorporation of the territory containing Ani into the Republic of Turkey.</p><br>
<p>In May 1921, the government minister Rıza Nur ordered the commander of the Eastern Front, Kazım Karabekir, for the monuments of Ani to "be wiped off the face of the earth." Karabekir records in his memoirs that he has vigorously rejected this command and it has never been carried out, but the wiping-out of all traces of Marr&#39;s excavations and building repairs suggests that the command was partially carried out.</p><br>
<h2>Current state</h2><br>
<p>Today, according to Lonely Planet and Frommer&#39;s travel guides to Turkey:</p><br>
<p>Official permission to visit Ani is no longer needed. Just go to Ani and buy a ticket. If you dont have your own car, haggle with a taxi or minibus driver in Kars for the round-trip to Ani, perhaps sharing the cost with other travelers. If you have trouble, the Tourist Office may help. Plan to spend at least a half-day at Ani. Its not a bad idea to bring a picnic lunch and a water bottle.</p><br>
<p>According to The Economist, Armenians have "accused the Turks of neglecting the place in a spirit of chauvinism. The Turks retort that Ani&#39;s remains have been shaken by blasts from a quarry on the Armenian side of the border.</p><br>
<p>Another commentator said: Ani is now a ghost city, uninhabited for over three centuries and marooned inside a Turkish military zone on Turkeys decaying closed border with the modern Republic of Armenia. Anis recent history has been one of continuous and always increasing destruction. Neglect, earthquakes, cultural cleansing, vandalism, quarrying, amateurish restorations and excavations – all these and more have taken a heavy toll on Ani&#39;s monuments.</p><br>
<p>In the estimation of the Landmarks Foundation (a non-profit organization established for the protection of sacred sites) this ancient city "needs to be protected regardless of whose jurisdiction it falls under. Earthquakes in 1319, 1832, and 1988, Army Target practice and general neglect all have had devastating effects on the architecture of the city. The city of Ani is a sacred place which needs ongoing protection."</p><br>
<p>Turkeys authorities now say they will do their best to conserve and develop the site and the culture ministry has listed Ani among the sites it is keenest to conserve. In the words of Mehmet Ufuk Erden, the local governor: "By restoring Ani, well make a contribution to humanity...We will start with one church and one mosque, and over time we will include every single monument."</p><br>
<p>In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund identified Ani as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and looting as primary causes.</p><br>
<p>The World Monuments Fund (WMF) placed Ani on its 1996, 1998, and 2000 Watch Lists of 100 Most Endangered Sites. In May 2011, WMF announced it was beginning conservation work on the cathedral and Church of the Holy Redeemer in partnership with the Turkish Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<p>In March 2015, it was reported that Turkey will nominate Ani to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016. The archaeological site of Ani was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 15, 2016. According to art historian Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh the addition "would secure significant benefits in protection, research expertise, and funding."</p><br>
<h2>Monuments at Ani</h2><br>
<p>All the structures at Ani are constructed using the local volcanic basalt, a sort of tufa stone. It is easily carved and comes in a variety of vibrant colors, from creamy yellow, to rose-red, to jet black. The most important surviving monuments are as follows.</p><br>
<h3>The Cathedral</h3><br>
<p>Also known as Surp Asdvadzadzin (the Church of the Holy Mother of God), its construction was started in the year 989, under King Smbat II. Work was halted after his death, and was only finished in 1001 (or in 1010 under another reading of its building inscription). The design of the cathedral was the work of Trdat, the most celebrated architect of medieval Armenia. The cathedral is a domed basilica (the dome collapsed in 1319). The interior contains several progressive features (such as the use of pointed arches and clustered piers) that give to it the appearance of Gothic architecture (a style which the Ani cathedral predates by several centuries).</p><br>
<h3>Surp Stephanos Church</h3><br>
<p>There is no inscription giving the date of its construction, but an edict in Georgian is dated 1218. The church was referred to as "Georgian". During this period "Georgian" did not simply mean an ethnic Georgian, it had a denominational meaning and would have designated all those in Ani who professed the Chalcedonian faith, mostly Armenians. Although the Georgian Church controlled this church, its congregation would have mostly been Armenians.</p><br>
<h3>The church of St Gregory of Tigran Honents</h3><br>
<p>This church, finished in 1215, is the best-preserved monument at Ani. It was built during the rule of the Zakarids and was commissioned by the wealthy Armenian merchant Tigran Honents. Its plan is of a type called a domed hall. In front of its entrance are the ruins of a narthex and a small chapel that are from a slightly later period. The exterior of the church is spectacularly decorated. Ornate stone carvings of real and imaginary animals fill the spandrels between blind arcade that runs around all four sides of the church. The interior contains an important and unique series of frescoes cycles that depict two main themes. In the eastern third of the church is depicted the Life of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, in the middle third of the church is depicted the Life of Christ. Such extensive fresco cycles are rare features in Armenian architecture – it is believed that these ones were executed by Georgian artists, and the cycle also includes scenes from the life of St. Nino, who converted the Georgians to Christianity. In the narthex and its chapel survive fragmentary frescoes that are more Byzantine in style.</p><br>
<h3>The church of the Holy Redeemer</h3><br>
<p>This church was completed shortly after the year 1035. It had a unique design: 19-sided externally, 8-apsed internally, with a huge central dome set upon a tall drum. It was built by Prince Ablgharib Pahlavid to house a fragment of the True Cross. The church was largely intact until 1955, when the entire eastern half collapsed during a storm.</p><br>
<h3>The church of St Gregory of the Abughamrents</h3><br>
<p>This small building probably dates from the late 10th century. It was built as a private chapel for the Pahlavuni family. Their mausoleum, built in 1040 and now reduced to its foundations, was constructed against the northern side of the church. The church has a centralised plan, with a dome over a drum, and the interior has six exedera.</p><br>
<h3>King Gagik's church of St Gregory</h3><br>
<p>Also known as the Gagikashen, this church was constructed between the years 1001 and 1005 and intended to be a recreation of the celebrated cathedral of Zvartnots at Vagharshapat. Nikolai Marr uncovered the foundations of this remarkable building in 1905 and 1906. Before that, all that was visible on the site was a huge earthen mound. The designer of the church was the architect Trdat. The church is known to have collapsed a relatively short time after its construction and houses were later constructed on top of its ruins. Trdat&#39;s design closely follows that of Zvartnotz in its size and in its plan (a quatrefoil core surrounded by a circular ambulatory).</p><br>
<h3>The church of the Holy Apostles</h3><br>
<p>The date of its construction is not known, but the earliest dated inscription on its walls is from 1031. It was founded by the Pahlavuni family and was used by the archbishops of Ani (many of whom belonged to that dynasty). It has a plan of a type called an inscribed quatrefoil with corner chambers. Only fragments remain of the church, but a narthex with spectacular stonework, built against the south side of the church, is still partially intact. It dates from the early 13th century. A number of other halls, chapels, and shrines once surrounded this church: Nicholas Marr excavated their foundations in 1909, but they are now mostly destroyed.</p><br>
<h3>The mosque of Manuchihr</h3><br>
<p>The mosque is named after its presumed founder, Manuchihr, the first member of the Shaddadid dynasty that ruled Ani after 1072. The oldest surviving part of the mosque is its still intact minaret. It has the Arabic word Bismillah ("In the name of God") in Kufic lettering high on its northern face. The prayer hall, half of which survives, dates from a later period (the 12th or 13th century). In 1906 the mosque was partially repaired in order for it to house a public museum containing objects found during Nicholas Marr&#39;s excavations.</p><br>
<h3>The citadel</h3><br>
<p>At the southern end of Ani is a flat-topped hill once known as Midjnaberd (the Inner Fortress). It has its own defensive walls that date back to the period when the Kamsarakan dynasty ruled Ani (7th century AD). Nicholas Marr excavated the citadel hill in 1908 and 1909. He uncovered the extensive ruins of the palace of the Bagratid kings of Ani that occupied the highest part of the hill. Also inside the citadel are the visible ruins of three churches and several unidentified buildings. One of the churches, the "church of the palace" is the oldest surviving church in Ani, dating from the 6th or 7th century. Marr undertook emergency repairs to this church, but most of it has now collapsed – probably during an earthquake in 1966.</p><br>
<h3>The city walls</h3><br>
<p>A line of walls that encircled the entire city defended Ani. The most powerful defences were along the northern side of the city, the only part of the site not protected by rivers or ravines. Here the city was protected by a double line of walls, the much taller inner wall studded by numerous large and closely spaced semicircular towers. Contemporary chroniclers wrote that King Smbat (977–989) built these walls. Later rulers strengthened Smbat&#39;s walls by making them substantially higher and thicker, and by adding more towers. Armenian inscriptions from the 12th and 13th century show that private individuals paid for some of these newer towers. The northern walls had three gateways, known as the Lion Gate, the Kars Gate, and the Dvin Gate (also known as the Chequer-Board Gate because of a panel of red and black stone squares over its entrance).</p><br>
<h3>Other monuments</h3><br>
<p>There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins&#39; chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.</p><br>
<h3>Cave Village</h3><br>
<p>Directly outside of Ani, there was a settlement-zone carved into the cliffs. It may have served as "urban sprawl" when Ani grew too large for its city walls. Today, goats and sheep take advantage of the caves&#39; cool interiors. One highlight of this part of Ani is a cave church with frescos on its surviving walls and ceiling.</p><br>
<h3>Panorama</h3><br>
<h2>In culture</h2><br>
<p>Ani is one of the most popular female given names in Armenia.</p><br>
<p>Songs and poems have been written about Ani and its past glory. "Tesnem Anin u nor mernem" (Տեսնեմ Անին ու նոր մեռնեմ, Let me see Ani before I die) is a famous poem by Hovhannes Shiraz. It was turned into a song by Turkish-Armenian composer Cenk Taşkan. Ara Gevorgyan&#39;s 1999 album of folk instrumental songs is titled Ani.</p><br>
<p>Wingan Inlet is an inlet within the Croajingolong National Park, in the East Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Features and location</h2><br>
<p>The inlet covers a surface area of 38 hectare and is fed by the Wingan River and provides outflow to the Tasman Sea. It features a ranger-managed camping ground, about an hour&#39;s drive from the nearest town, Cann River, along a rough stretch of dirt road. The inlet and its surrounds are home to many species of marine life, including crabs, Sydney rock oysters and other shellfish, as well as birds and small mammals. Paralysis ticks, Lace Monitors and snakes are common.</p><br>
<p>The Wingan Point headland is located a few metres away from the inlet mouth.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Aboriginal history</h3><br>
<p>The traditional custodians of the land surrounding Wingan Inlet are the Australian Aboriginal Bidhawal and Nindi-Ngudjam Ngarigu Monero peoples.</p><br>
<h3>European discovery</h3><br>
<p>Wingan Inlet is of historical significance; James Cook clearly recorded the existence of the Inlet on his chart - while naming the nearby southern headland, Ram HeadJames Cook&#39;s hand-written manuscript dated 16 May 1770 held at the National Library Canberra.</p><br>
<p>on Thursday, April 19, 1770.</p><br>
<p>George Bass took shelter from bad weather near the Inlet, on 20 January 1798 in a 28 feet (8.5 m) whaleboat he named Elizabeth - during his attempt to reach the wreck of the Sydney Cove; that was ran-aground on Preservation Island, in Bass Strait.</p><br>
<p>Wingan Inlet is the only significant geographical feature in the area, that could be described as a lagoon that could provide shelter for a small open boat. Otherwise Bass referred to the sheltered bay and beach area in front of Wingan Inlet, that was named Fly Cove by Bass.</p><br>
<p>Bass party lost an anchor in the Cove, before continuing to navigate to Wilsons Promontory where they made an attempt to cross Bass Striate to reach the Sydney Cove. Due to bad weather and a leaking boat, Bass was forced to return to the mainland and continued west where he discovered and examined Western Port.</p><br>
<p>On Bass return voyage, they stopped at the lagoon near Cooks Ram Head to search, unsuccessfully for the whaleboats anchor. Although Bass expedition was unsuccessful in reaching the wreck of the Sydney Cove, due to weather and failing equipment. Upon his return to Sydney, Bass conveyed his observations of the tidal change along those parts of the coastline, and his belief of a strait separating The Mainland of Australia and Tasmania. Bass&#39; speculations were confirmed in 1798–99, when he joined Mathew Flinders in the slop Norfolk, when they circumnavigated Tasmania.</p><br>
<p>Cockersand Abbey is a former abbey near Cockerham in the City of Lancaster district of Lancashire, England. It was founded before 1184 as the Hospital of St Mary on the marsh belonging to Leicester Abbey. It was refounded by the Cambro-Norman magnate, Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler as a Premonstratensian priory. It was subsequently elevated to an abbey in 1192. It also continued as a hospital.</p><br>
<p>The abbey was dissolved in 1539 and acquired by a John Kitchen. The site is now adjacent to a farm house and the only significant relic is the still intact, vaulted chapter house which was built in 1230 and used as a family mausoleum by the Daltons of Thurnham Hall during the 18th and 19th centuries. There are some scrappy remains of the church adjacent. A tradition that the medieval choir stalls in the nearby Lancaster Priory originated from here has been discredited.</p><br>
<p>The chapter house is a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument. In 2007 English Heritage made an £80,000 grant to the owner to help preserve the building. The chapter house is open to the public on special occasions such as Heritage Open Days.</p><br>
<p>Two Roman silver statuettes were discovered on Cockersand Moss near the abbey site in 1718, possibly indicating the presence of a Romano-British shrine nearby.</p><br>
<h2>List of dignitaries</h2><br>
<p>Hugh (Garth) the Hermit ‘Master of the Hospital’ (before 1184)</p><br>
<p>Henry (?–1190)</p><br>
<p>Th Abbas de Marisco (1194–1199)</p><br>
<p>Roger Abbas de Marisco, abbas de Kokersand (1205–6)</p><br>
<p>Hereward (fl. 1216–1235)</p><br>
<p>Richard de Freckleton (fl. 1240)</p><br>
<p>Henry (fl. 1246–1261)</p><br>
<p>Adam de Blake (fl. 1269–1278)</p><br>
<p>Thomas (fl. 1286–1288)</p><br>
<p>Robert of Formby (fl. 1289–1290)</p><br>
<p>Roger (fl. 1300)</p><br>
<p>Thomas (fl. 1305–1307)</p><br>
<p>Roger (fl. 1311–1331)</p><br>
<p>William of Boston (fl. 1334–1340)</p><br>
<p>Robert of Carleton (fl. 1347–1354)</p><br>
<p>Jordan of Bosedon (fl. 1354–1364)</p><br>
<p>Richard (fl. 1382)</p><br>
<p>Thomas (fl. 1386–1389)</p><br>
<p>William Stamford (fl. 1393)</p><br>
<p>Thomas of Burgh (fl. 1395–1403)</p><br>
<p>Thomas Green (1410–1444?)</p><br>
<p>Robert Egremont (1444–c. 1474)</p><br>
<p>William Lucas (–1477)</p><br>
<p>William Bowland (1477–1490)</p><br>
<p>John Preston (1490–1502?)</p><br>
<p>James Skipton (1502–1505)</p><br>
<p>Henry Stayning (1505–1509)</p><br>
<p>John Croune (1509–?)</p><br>
<p>George Billington (fl. 1520–1522)</p><br>
<p>John Bowland (fl. 1524–1527)</p><br>
<p>surnamed Newsham (?)</p><br>
<p>Gilbert Ainsworth (1531)</p><br>
<p>Robert Kendal (1531–1533)</p><br>
<p>Robert Poulton (1533–1538/9)</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Flourmill Volcanoes, also known as The Flourmills, are a small volcano range near the west boundary of Wells Gray Provincial Park in east-central British Columbia, Canada. Located north of Mahood Lake and west of the Clearwater River, they form part of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Two cinder cones form the range, namely Flourmill Cone and Spanish Lake Centre. During volcanic activity 3000 years ago, the craters of both cones were breached, so lava flowed out the south side into the pass between Spanish Creek and Flourmill Creek. The lava then dammed Spanish Creek, creating Spanish Lake, and engulfed about 10 km of the Spanish valley to the southwest. This lava flow averages 10 m thick.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>The unusual name Flourmill dates to a land survey in 1921 along the Clearwater River. Flourmill Creek, which flows southeast from the volcanic area, was found to enter the Clearwater River exactly four miles (6.5 km) due north of the Mahood confluence. With great logic, the surveyors named it Four Mile Creek. When map-makers in the Department of Lands were about to place this designation on the official map, they realized that there were already several Four Mile Creeks in British Columbia and wisely decided that a less trite name was needed. So they fiddled with the letters and produced Flourmill Creek instead. The creek was named first and the name was extended to the volcanoes in the 1974 edition of the book, Exploring Wells Gray Park. (In 2015, British Columbia had 12 Four Mile Creeks, 3 Four Mile Lakes, and 3 Four Mile Mountains.)</p><br>
<p>The first recorded visit by non-natives to the Flourmill Volcanoes was on May 21, 1874, by the Canadian Pacific Surveyor Joseph Hunter and three assistants. His diary describes their journey over the Flourmill lava flow:</p><br>
<p>The Flourmill Volcanoes became a political scandal in 1963. Clearwater Timber Products, the major employer in Clearwater, wanted logging rights in Wells Gray Park. Rebuffed in several direct attempts, the company instead purchased a beach estate on Vancouver Island from the Rath family for $186,000, then offered it to the provincial government in exchange for permission to log in Wells Gray Park. The government created Rathtrevor Beach Provincial Park from this arrangement, today one of British Columbia&#39;s most popular parks, and gave Clearwater Timber logging rights on 137 km around The Flourmills. The company built a road along the west bank of the Clearwater River to access this forest tract and during the next six years removed 6.8 million cubic feet of timber, valued at $1.6 million. The deal was cancelled by the New Democratic Party government after it was elected in 1972. Later, the bridge at the Mahood River was removed, preventing access to The Flourmills from the east.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access to the Flourmill Volcanoes is by a rough road from 100 Mile House on Highway 97. It has numerous unsigned forks and directions such as those found in Exploring Wells Gray Park are essential. The road ends at Spanish Creek and a trail leads 3.2 km to the base of the south cone and 0.5 km further to a section of the lava flow.</p><br>
<p>The Nabro Volcano is a stratovolcano in the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. It is located at the south-east end of the Danakil Alps in the Danakil Depression. Before its 2011 eruption, the volcano was widely believed to be extinct.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Part of the Afar Triangle, the Nabro Volcano is one of many volcanic caldera complexes in the northeasternmost part of the East African Rift valley region. The twin calderas likely formed during an eruption of about 20 to 100 cubic kilometres consisting of ignimbrite, although the date of their formation is unknown. The subaerial volume of volcanic material within the Nabro Volcanic Range is likely on the order of 550 km3.</p><br>
<h2>2011 eruption</h2><br>
<p>Although it had undergone no historically reported eruptions, the Nabro Volcano erupted shortly after midnight local time on 13 June 2011, after a series of earthquakes up to magnitude 5.7 in the Eritrea-Ethiopia border region. The ash plume was seen on satellite drifting to the west-northwest along the border, spanning about 50 km wide and several hundred kilometres across in the hours immediately following the reported eruption, and reportedly reaching 15 km high.</p><br>
<p>On June 13, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had to cut short a trip to Ethiopia due to the ash cloud, which was projected to enter a west-to-east jetstream and enter the atmosphere of countries such as Egypt, Yemen, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti and Saudi Arabia.</p><br>
<p>The ash cloud began disrupting air traffic as UAE-based Emirates flights were cancelled along with Saudi Arabian Airlines flights. Luxor International Airport in Luxor, Egypt was placed on a state of emergency.</p><br>
<h2>2012 Eruptive Activity</h2><br>
<p>The MODVOLC noted on the 9 April 2012 that a thermal anomaly was detected at Nabro and that such anomalies had been detected throughout March. The activity is focused on the Northern Caldera wall, what sort of activity is unknown, but noted that there might be a lava lake there.</p><br>
<p>Mousa Ali  is a 2,021 m stratovolcano located on the tri-point of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. The volcano is the highest point in Djibouti. The volcano&#39;s summit is truncated by a caldera, which contains rhyolitic lava domes and lava flows. The last known eruption occurred before the Holocene era.</p><br>
<p>Mousa Ali is situated at the tri-point of the Tadjourah Region of Djibouti, the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea, and the Afar Region of Ethiopia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has two distinct summits, the higher being the south one with an elevation of 2,021 metres The north summit in Ethiopia has an elevation of 1,871 metres. Both summits are separated by a large caldera, about 1 km (0.71 mi) wide and 1514 metres deep. Mousa Ali, in the northern part of the Great Rift Valley region, has Eritrea on its northern flank, Ethiopia on the west, and Djibouti the east and south. The Djiboutian town of Dorra is 36 km to the south-southeast, the Ethiopian volcano Manda-Inakir is 22 km to the southwest, and the road from the Ethiopian town of Manda to the Eritrean port of Assab is 19 km to the northwest.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife and flora</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is home to an abundant amount wildlife, lush vegetation, flowering shrubs and trees and Various plants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Two sects of Afar live in the area. They are collectively known as Adrúmmi, from &#39;Adó rum li or "white as Byzantines."</p><br>
<p>The position of Ali Mousa as the tripoint between Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti is not the result of an agreement between the three countries. In December 1948 the British administering Eritrea refused to attend a meeting with the other two parties to determine the exact location of their tripoint, set in a 1908 treaty as 60 km inland from the Red Sea. British administration of Eritrea ended in 1952, and with increasing Ethiopian administration over the ensuing decade, and incoporation into Ethiopia from 1962 to 1993, the boundary was internal, not international. In 2002, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission established the tri-point at the Mousa Ali summit; Ethiopia had pressed for it to be further east, nearer to Dadda&#39;to, Djibouti.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The temperature of Mousa Ali usually ranges from 7 °C to 19 °C in December and January, and 14 °C to 29 °C from June to September.</p><br>
<p>The weather on the mountain can be very erratic, sometimes severe.</p><br>
<p>The Loveland Block and the Coors Building are adjacent historic storefront buildings in downtown Golden, Colorado. The Loveland Block, named for pioneer William A.H. Loveland, once served as the territorial capitol building of Colorado. Both buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a single entity.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Loveland Block</h2><br>
<p>The Loveland Block was originally constructed as the forward portion of the present building in 1863, according to the buildings cornerstone. It was built jointly by William A.H. Loveland and Golden City Lodge #1, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, the first Masonic lodge in Colorado. Its building contractor was Duncan E. Harrison. Loveland occupied the first floor as his mercantile and the second floor served as the Masonic temple. The building was a powerful statement in the face of adversity, signaling Goldens endurance in the face of an economic depression caused by the Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>Territorial Capitol</h3><br>
<p>A warehouse addition spanning the present central section of the first story was built by Loveland during the mid-1860s. In 1866 Loveland extended the first floor the rest of the way to the rear property line and built a full second story addition as well. The purpose was to house the Colorado Territorial legislature under one roof, where the houses previously met in separate buildings across Washington Avenue. The House of Representatives met in the Masonic Hall, which became also known as Representatives Hall. The Council (Territorial identity of the Senate) met at the west end of the upper floor. Four committee rooms spanned the space in between, and the Territorial Library (now Colorado State Library, under charge of Edward L. Berthoud, was housed at the west end of the lower floor. Under Territorial Governor Alexander Cummings, the legislature met in Golden and this building from 1866 through 1867.</p><br>
<h3>Capital Removal Controversy</h3><br>
<p>Ever since the Territorial Capital was moved from Colorado City to Golden in 1862, the rival city of Denver made attempts to secure the capital for itself. Indeed, several legislative sessions that opened in Golden adjourned to Denver. In December 1867 the issue came to a head when the legislature hotly debated the issue. According to the Colorado Transcript newspaper, about $5,000 in case plus town lots were pledged "to influence the removal of the Capital to Denver." After the Council voted by a 1-vote margin to move the capital to Denver, it has been alleged even to the present time that the vote was secured by a bribe. The only known clue offering insight into this claim was published by George West, editor of the Transcript, on February 4, 1874:</p><br>
<p>"Now that the question of removing the capital has again come up - having passed the lower house by a vote of sixteen for to seven against - Mr. Lawrence, the interpreter of the Council, will have another show for his influence. In 1866, when the capital was removed from Golden, this same Lawrence was a member of the Legislature, and, if report be true, was promised $800 for his vote and influence in favor of removal to Denver. Evans & Co. paid $200 of the money down, and the other $600 was to have been forthcoming when the removal was effected. But Evans & Co., true to their general record, went back on their promise, and our friend Lawrence sought revenge in an affidavit, which he threatened to publish unless Evans & Co. came down according to contract. After some parley a compromise was brought about, Lawrence agreeing to take $400 instead of $600. Should this enterprising linguist be called on in the present instance, he will probably ask for the whole amount in advance, as an affidavit in regard to such a case, following the Las Animas land grab, would not create a ripple of excitement, and even the Denver Tribune would hardly feel called upon to publish it."</p><br>
<p>Today the Loveland Block is one of only two remaining buildings where the Colorado Territorial assembly is believed to have met, the other being as Colorado&#39;s first capital, Colorado City. It is possible, but not confirmed, that the Colorado Territorial Supreme Court met at the Loveland Block as well.</p><br>
<h3>The Mercantile</h3><br>
<p>After the loss of the capital, the Loveland Block found other important uses. It became the headquarters of the Colorado Central Railroad, the first railroad to penetrate the Colorado mountains. In 1878 the upper floor became the emergency home of the Colorado School of Mines and Jarvis Hall after their original campus was attacked by an arsonist. During the 1890s the upper floor became the hotel of Jasper Babcock. However, the building has been best known as the Mercantile, the store originally started by Loveland across Washington Avenue in 1859. This store was a Golden mainstay, finally closing in 1978 after a remarkable 119 years in operation. 57 of those years it was run by one family, headed by German immigrant patriarch Nicholas Koenig. After the Mercantile faded away the building became a restaurant, progressively the Mercantile, Silverheels, and Old Capitol Grill.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In origin the building was of the Second Empire style of design. Subsequent to its mid-1860s additions, a mansard roof third story was added in 1868. This continued largely unused throughout its existence. In 1905 Koenig hired contractor Perre O. Unger to convert the original arched lower story entrance into a plate glass storefront with ornamental corner support column, and also installed the buildings signature 2-ton Diebold safe. In 1922 the upper storefront was remodeled to modernized appearance by contractor Michael Sweeney, at which point the buildings cornerstone was removed and given to the Golden Masonic lodge, which had long since moved out of the building. In 1941 the plate glass storefront was extended partially along the south side of the building and clerestory covered. In 1992 the storefront, with a canopy added in the 1960s, was thoroughly renovated to an approximation of its 1922 appearance. After a nearly catastrophic fire gutted the rear upper floor with water heavily damaging the rest of the building on November 3, 2005, the interior was stripped completely and building thoroughly reinforced, a new rear replacement roof installed, and new more historically accurate upper story windows installed. The distinctive row of chimneys on the 12th Street side, mostly missing since being pared down in 1933, were restored, making the building look more historic after the fire than it did before.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Coors Building</h2><br>
<p>The earliest portion of this building is its north wall, originally built by William A. Wortham for a prior two-story building on the site, the Dold Building, a grocery, later bakery and saloon, which stood here from 1873 to 1906. In 1906 Adolph Coors tore down most of the Dold Building to build a new saloon and bottling works, as bottling on his brewery grounds was then prohibited by state law. In its place rose the new Coors Building, a two-story storefront with tile mansard half third floor designed by the Baeressen Brothers of Denver and built by contractor Perre O. Unger. The building&#39;s main tenant was the saloon of Charles Sitterle, affiliated with Coors. In 1907 German immigrant Albert Treffeisen moved his north side grocery store here, where it remained as the City Market for many years. Afterward, the building had various tenants and first floor renovations. In 1992 it was renovated to an approximation of its original appearance, and its interior space merged with the Loveland Block to become part of the restaurant. The upper story was water damaged in the 2005 fire and has since been fully renovated. Today, the building still exhibits the "COORS" bannerhead at its cornice.</p><br>
<p>Mount Victoria is the highest point in the Owen Stanley Ranges in Central Province, Papua New Guinea at 4,038 m. It lies approximately 75 km north-north-east of Port Moresby and can be seen on a clear day from the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as just the Great Mountain there had been several attempts to scale the peak by British colonialists in the 1880s. These attempts had failed after clashes with local villagers.</p><br>
<p>The first successful recorded ascent was in 1889 by the British New Guinea Administrator, Sir William MacGregor. MacGregor had been in the territory as Administrator for only six months before he was compelled to launch an expedition to climb the mountain for himself.</p><br>
<p>Starting on 17 May 1889, MacGregor approached the mountain from the west via the Vanapa River. His party included his private secretary J.B Cameron, a Samoan half-caste and thirty-eight Papuans and Polynesians. After ascending two smaller mountains, Mount Musgrave and Mount Knutsford, MacGregor eventually climbed the Great Mountain on 11 June and promptly renamed it Mount Victoria in honour of Queen Victoria.</p><br>
<p>Devil&#39;s Lair is a single-chamber cave with a floor area of around 200 m&sup2; that formed in a Quaternary dune limestone of the Leeuwin–Naturaliste Ridge, 5 km from the modern coastline of Western Australia. The stratigraphic sequence in the cave floor deposit consists of 660 cm of sandy sediments, with more than 100 distinct layers, intercalated with flowstone and other indurated deposits. Excavations have been made in several areas of the cave floor. Since 1973, excavations have been concentrated in the middle  of the cave, where 10 trenches have been dug. Archaeological evidence for intermittent human occupation extends down to layer 30 , with hearths, bone, and stone artefacts found throughout.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Devil&#39;s Lair has been the subject of scientific research since the 1970s by palaeontologists and archaeologists Excavations have recovered stone artefacts, numerous animal bone remains, hearths, bone artefacts and human skeletal remains.</p><br>
<p>Preservation of cultural materials has been very good and a long, well dated cultural sequence has been documented. The diversity and productiveness of the evidence from Devil&#39;s Lair make it unusually valuable as a source of information on cultural and natural history in the extreme southwest of Australia since the first colonisation of the continent.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological significance</h2><br>
<p>Devil&#39;s Lair is important as one of the earliest sites of human occupation in Australia, a site with very early human ornaments and an unusually rich source of information for prehistoric cultural and natural history in the southwest of Western Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>Several different techniques of dating have been used at Devil&#39;s Lair to show that human occupation began at around 48,000 years. This makes it rank among the earliest sites in Australia and so an important source of information about the timing and character of the first human colonizers of Australia.</p><br>
<p>Excavations at Devils Lair have yielded early human ornaments in the form of three ground bone beads dating to 19,000–12,700 years BP. These beads were made from the limb-bones of macropods and were manufactured by cutting the bone shafts into short segments and grinding them smooth on abrasive stone. A deliberately perforated but otherwise unmodified stone object with wear patterns suggestive of its use as a pendant dated to 14,000 year BP has also been recovered from Devils Lair.</p><br>
<p>These artefacts are some of the earliest evidence of symbolic behaviour in Australia and are internationally significant for understanding the timing and character of the emergence of symbolic capacities in humans.</p><br>
<p>Keppel Gate, Isle of Man  is part of a former UK Crown Receiver estate including a series of former highway gates is now Common land in public ownership and is one of three purpose built section of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road used for the Isle of Man TT races. The area of Keppel Gate including a nearby private residence of Kate&#39;s Cottage at the adjacent 34th TT Milestone road-side marker is located between the 4th Milestone and 5th Milestone road-side markers on the primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road in the parish district of Kirk Onchan in the Isle of Man.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>The ridge line of Keppel Gateis part of a large area of former Crown Commons grazing mountain land known as Slieau Lhoost. It is an area of uncultivated upland Mountain Land adjacent to the mountain summits of Slieau Ree (Mountain of Heather) at a height of 316 m above sea-level and the nearby hillside of Slieau Meayl (bare, barren mountain).</p><br>
<p>The area of Keppel Gate and Slieau Ree mountain consist of acid grassland, heath and hillside fell with views of Baldwin Valley in the parish of Kirk Braddan and the nearby Beinn-y-Phott Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Area of Special Scientific Interest</h2><br>
<p>The Isle of Man Wild Life Act (1990) permits order the foundation of different types of "Areas of Special Scientific Interest" in the Isle of Man for wildlife, land, coastal or marine environments. This includes sections of the North Atlantic sub-montane heath found on different sections of Mountain Lands in the Isle of Man as a European Union community "priority habitat", as described by Annex 1 of the EU Habitats Directive and also the UK Guidelines for Selection of Biological Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI&#39;s).</p><br>
<p>The heath and heather moorland of the Northern Uplands of the type found at Keppel Gate, including Slieau Ree Mountain and Kate&#39;s Cottage is an Area of Specific Scientific Interest (ASSI) and further nearby sections of mountain land at Keppel Gate are defined as a "biodiversity" and a upland conservation "hot-spot."</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>There are a number of alternative etymologies for the meaning of the name for Keppel Gate. The name may have originated from (Kapel Gata ) "....the road to the summit...." or Kapal Gata the Horse Road from Kapall meaning a horse or nag from Late Latin caballus or cabyl.</p><br>
<p>Additional meanings is that the name Keppel Gate originates from the Scandinavian for Kappafjall (The Champion or Heros mountain). or old Norse ) "Kippal Gate, big-trunk, stock, post hill, or looked like a tree-stump" The name Gata is adopted from Scandinavian meaning a farm lane, path or road. It is also found in Northern England as -gata as a street name from Middle English such as Deansgate in Manchester or Micklegate in the city of York adopted as the homonym gate meaning a street, road or land for grazing.</p><br>
<p>The Isle of Man TT race winner and journalist Ray Knight gave an explanation that Keppel Gate "....was known as Hero&#39;s Gate in the years gone by...." on the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course.</p><br>
<h2>A18 Snaefell Mountain Road</h2><br>
<p>The section of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Keppel Gate to Park Llewellyn near the Gooseneck corner, Ramsey was built on former Crown Commons and Commoners allotments mountain grazing land. This land was purchased by the UK Crown following the sale of the feudal rights held by the former Lord of Mann, the 3rd Duke of Atholl after the Act of Revestment in 1765 and sale of remaining property and manorial rights passed on to his son John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl for £417,144 in 1824.</p><br>
<p>The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road reflects typical 19th century highway and railway construction practices. Built over a period of time in the Nineteenth century from a number of horse paths, ancient rights of way of the Regiam Viam (Royal Way) (archaic) and a series of pre-existing carting-tracks and incomplete stone mountain paths which traversed mountain land, peat bogs and hillside sections. The Keppel Gate section is situated between the 4th milestone and 5th milestone markers on the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road of the small and larger metal Garrow type of markers from the period of James Garrow as Survey-General of Isle of Man Highways and Roads.</p><br>
<p>The Disafforesting Commission of 1860 allowed for the sale of parcels of land in 1863 for the purpose of building and fencing of new mountain road sections on Crown Common lands partly financed by the land sales and by a financial contribution from the UK Crown Receiver. The new purpose built Keppel Gate section of A18 Snaefell Mountain Road was constructed in the period from 1864 to 1866. This included a new section of road from near the former Cold Clay Methodist Chapel on the C22 Little Mill Road to "ODonnells" corner near to Gob-ny- Geay farm creating Telegraph Hill. A further new section of road including a Cutting near to Gob-ny-Geay farm in the parish of Onchan and by-passed the former White Lane creating the new Creg-ny-Baa Corner and the nearby Keppel Gate Inn was built on the site (c 1883). The Ordnance Survey of 1867-8 shows a further section of road built in the period of 1864-66 from the Creg-ny-Baa corner that traversed the steep Keppel or Slieau Ree mountain which dominates this area of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road to the site of a former Shepherds Hut near to Kates Cottage. The new Keppel Gate Road by-passed a section of the former right of way (Creg-ny-Bayr) now part of public footpath to the Windy Corner on the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road.</p><br>
<p>The Crown Commons land at Keppel Gate (known as Slieau Lhoost or the Cairns) of 1,165 acres was purchased from the UK Crown Receiver by the Isle of Man Government for a price of £2,000 in 1933 for the purpose of fencing of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road and the removal of two mountain gates at Keppel Gate for the 1934 Isle of Man TT races. The remaining Crown Common lands were purchased by the Isle of Man Common Lands Board for the Isle of Man Government in 1947. The tenancy for hill-sheep grazing at Keppel Gate was operated by the Mountain Shepherd G. Rhodes Tate from 1926 including a further grazing tenancy at Beinn-y-Phott mountain and with his wife Gladys Tate occupied Keppel Gate Cottage or Tates Cottage, now known as Kates Cottage.</p><br>
<h2>Motor sport heritage</h2><br>
<p>The Keppel Gate section of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road was part of the 52.15 mile Highland Course (revised to 40.38 miles in 1906) used for automobile racing including the 1904 Gordon Bennett Trial and the RAC Tourist Trophy car races held between 1905 and 1907. The course was modified again in 1908 as the 37.50 Mile Four Inch Course for the RAC Tourist Trophy car races held in the Isle of Man between 1908 and 1922.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 the Four Inch Course was first used by the Auto-Cycling Union for the Isle of Man TT motorcycle races. This included the Keppel Gate section and the course later became known as the 37.73 mile Isle of Man TT Mountain Course for motor-cycle racing which has been used since 1911 for the Isle of Man TT and from 1923 for the "Mountain Course" for the Manx Grand Prix races.</p><br>
<h2>Keppel Gate redevelopment 1921–1922 and the Isle of Man TT races</h2><br>
<p>The Auto-Cycle Union proposed in 1921 to move the Isle of Man TT Races to the Continental Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium. After an offer made by the Belgium Government the move was considered by the Auto-Cycle Union due to financial reasons, organisational problems and criticism of the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course.</p><br>
<p>In response to the problems with the Isle of Man TT Course highlighted by the Auto-Cycle Union, the Isle of Man Highway Board redeveloped large sections of A18 Snaefell Mountain Road. This included the often criticised very narrow section of road from the Windy Corner to Keppel Gate. The old stone mountain track from near Slieau Lhoost Quarry adjacent to Windy Corner across the mountainside to Keppel Gate was subjected to substantial redevelopment and landscaping during the period 1921-23 including the removal of the old Keppel Gate corner for the 1922 Isle of Man TT Races.</p><br>
<h2>Road safety</h2><br>
<p>The section of A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from the Thirty-Third Corner to near Keppel Gate was widened and road-side fence post relocated below road level for the 1947 Isle of Man TT Races after a fatal accident to Peter M. Aitchison a competitor during the 1946 Senior Manx Grand Prix. A road-works construction scheme by the Highways Division of the Isle of Man Department of Highways, Ports and Properties occurred during the winter months of 1991-92 when the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road was closed between the Windy Corner and Keppel Gate to replace the tarmacadam foundations built during the early 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Keppel Gate section of A18 Mountain Road was subject to road re-surfacing work during the winter of 2006–2007 with a high-grip Shell-mac road surface for road-racing by the Isle of Man Department of Transport. In August 2009, before the 2009 Manx Grand Prix, a section of grass bank was removed from the southern side of Keppel Gate to provide a run-off area after an evening practice crash by the Australian Isle of Man TT race winner Cameron Donald and a further incident involving a TT Travelling Marshal, John McBride, during the 2009 Isle of Man TT races. In April 2015, the Highways Section of the Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure instigated a programme of landscaping at Keppel Gate corner, including the removal of a section of grass bank on the north-eastern side of the corner, road re-profiling, re-structuring and re-surfacing work.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The George Peabody House Museum is a historic house museum at 205 Washington Street in Peabody, Massachusetts. It is dedicated to the life and deeds of 19th century USA entrepreneur, philanthropist, and namesake of the city, George Peabody. The museum shares its location with the Peabody Leather Museum. Within its walls, in 1795, George Peabody was born in what was then called South Danvers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1769, John Southwick, Jr., was the owner of a parcel of land where the museum now sits. He gave the vacant 12 acre lot to his daughter, Hannah, and her husband, Daniel Purinton, a cordwainer. Mortgage records from 1786 indicate there was a chocolate mill on the property, and, by 1794, records mention "other building" but not specifically "mills." In April 1795, Daniel Purinton sold the land and buildings to Thomas Peabody. It is possible that the Peabody family had been renting the property for over a year, and that George Peabody was born in the house during the rental period, although this cannot be confirmed.</p><br>
<p>On May 13, 1811, Thomas Peabody died, leaving his oldest son, David, as executor. There were three mortgages on the land and buildings at the time of Thomass death. David took out two mortgages on the property in 1812: to Jesse Emerson in January, and to Mary Titcomb of Newburyport later in the year. On November 22, 1816 George Peabody bought the family homestead from his brother for $109. He paid off the Titcomb mortgage in the summer of 1817, which allowed his mother to remain living in the house. In 1832, two years after his mothers death, George Peabody sold the property to David Shove for $1,465. After the sale, George Peabody never owned another property in his life; he only rented.</p><br>
<p>Elijah Upton, a glue manufacturer with a factory complex at the corner of Washington Street and Allen&#39;s Lane, owned the land until 1883, when it was sold to Charles B. Farley. By this point the house had been divided into two separate apartments, which Farley rented out to a produce peddler, a carpenter, and a stable hand.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the Peabody Historical Society erected a plaque and post honoring the house as the birthplace of George Peabody; the memorial still exists today. In the same year Charles Farley sold the house to the American Glue Company, which housed its workers there for many years. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Eastman Gelatin employees called it home.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the city bought the house from Eastman and turned it into the George Peabody House Museum.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The De Grey River is a river located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It was named on 16 August 1861 by the explorer and surveyor Francis Gregory after Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey who was, at the time, President of the Royal Geographical Society.</p><br>
<p>The river rises south of Callawa at the confluence of the Oakover and the Nullagine rivers and flows in a west-north-westerly direction eventually discharging into the Indian Ocean via Breaker Inlet about 80 km north-east of Port Hedland.</p><br>
<p>Its stream bed is 100 to 130 metres wide, dry throughout most of the year. The shore&#39;s land is rich in grass and fertile, featuring trees.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through many semi-permanent pools of water on the way to the coast, including Yukerakine Pool, Muccanoo Pool, Talyirina Pool, Wardoomoondener Pool and Triangle Pool.</p><br>
<p>The river has eleven tributaries, including the Oakover River, Nullagine River, Coongan River, East Strelley River, Shaw River, Miningarra Creek, Egg Creek and Kookenyia Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Hole is located in the Pinelands of Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey and Winslow Township, Camden County, New Jersey. It is a clear blue body of water situated in the middle of a dense forest, with many similar such lakes in its immediate vicinity. The water has warm and cold spots, averaging 58 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. The color is very unusual, as most lakes and ponds in the area are brownish due to large deposits of bog iron and the presence of tannic acid. The Blue Hole is circular and about 70 ft across. In the 1930s, the Blue Hole was a popular party and swimming spot. A wooden footbridge over the Great Egg Harbor River that once made the Hole easily accessible was wiped out by a storm in the 1960s; now it can only be reached on foot.</p><br>
<p>A number of legends exist: that it is bottomless with powerful currents, that the water is freezing cold year-round, and that the Jersey Devil is active in the area.</p><br>
<p>After people became afraid of it, the Blue Hole was largely abandoned. Perhaps farmers and families in the area warned children against going to the Blue Hole because the Jersey Devil lived there, and it would hurt or steal them. Locals still go to the area and use it as a party spot. There are many other blue holes in the immediate vicinity, as well as quicksand and other seasonal ponds and lakes that form from springs seeping from high water table levels. The Blue Hole is not to be confused with the numerous former quarries in the area, which appear much larger and have a vibrant sky blue color.</p><br>
<p>At its deepest point, the Blue Hole is 9.9 feet deep. The bottom appears to consist of mud rather than sand. Swimming and diving in the Blue Hole are both illegal.</p><br>
<h2>Films based on the Legend</h2><br>
<p>Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole - Short horror film directed and written by James Rolfe, who is also the creator, writer, director, producer and main star of the Angry Video Game Nerd. It was originally supposed to be the pilot episode for a web series based on urban legends and myths of New Jersey, but James became more involved with his Angry Video Game Nerd series when it became very popular, and he did not have the time to shoot any new episodes. However, he claims that he still wants to revisit the series and produce more someday.</p><br>
<p>Devastator Peak, also known as The Devastator, is the lowest and southernmost of the six subsidiary peaks that form the Mount Meager massif in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located 55 km west of Bralorne.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Devastator Peak is a dissected andesitic volcanic plug, which was part of a larger structure of Mount Meager, but parts eroded away, leaving Devastator Peak. Like the rest of the Mount Meager massif, it is part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, but it is not within the geographic boundary of the Cascade Range.</p><br>
<p>Devastator Peak was the source for a thick sequence of andesite lava flows that occurred 0.5-1.0 million years ago. Erosional remnants of these flows form the stratified crags of Pylon Peak. The slopes of the peak are highly unstable, consisting of weak, hydrothermally altered felsic rocks. There have been many recent debris flows which have flowed down into the Meager Creek drainage.</p><br>
<p>The Springer Opera House is a historic theater at 103 Tenth Street in Downtown Columbus, Georgia. First opened February 21, 1871, the theater was named the State Theatre of Georgia by Governor Jimmy Carter for its 100th anniversary season, a designation made permanent by the 1992 state legislature. The Springer has hosted legendary performers such as Edwin Booth, Oscar Wilde, Ethel Barrymore, Agnes de Mille, and bandleader John Philip Sousa. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and named a National Historic Landmark in 1978 for its architecture and state of preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Conception</h3><br>
<p>Theatre has had a presence in Columbus, Georgia since the very first year of the city&#39;s existence. The first recorded performance in an enclosed theater building took place during July 1828. From 1828 to 1870, stages of various size and improvement came and went, but all would be considered primitive in comparison to what would follow. On June 19, 1869, just four years after the conclusion of the American Civil War, a meeting was held in the Columbus banking office of John King to establish a Public Hall Association for the purpose of establishing a performance hall that the city could be proud of. Under the leadership of King, W. L. Salisbury, W. C. Chipley, L. G. Bowers, Joseph Hanserd, and George P. Swift, Sr., the new association quickly raised funds through the selling of stock. The association decided among other things, that the hall would be named for the person holding the largest block of stock. By July 15, less than a month after that initial meeting, more than half of the funds necessary for construction had been raised.</p><br>
<h3>F. J. Springer</h3><br>
<p>By May 1870, businessman Francis Joseph Springer, an immigrant from Alsace who had become very prosperous in the grocery business, Springer had long held a love for theatre, music, and dance, and had dreamed of opening a theater in Columbus.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the new theater building began immediately and advanced quickly. By August 10, 1870 the Columbus Enquirer newspaper reported that the building was projected to be completed as early as November of the same year. The speedy construction was not without accident, however. Construction worker John Prince suffered a fatal head wound when a scaffold collapsed inside the hall. Construction was delayed for a brief time due to short supply of brick and lumber, but by January 1871 the exterior was substantially complete and work had begun on the interior fresco painting. On February 10, Springer announced the new opera house would open on February 21, its inaugural event a benefit concert for the nearby Trinity Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<h3>1900 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1900, the Springer underwent a major renovation and expansion. Prominent theatre designer J. B. McElfatrick was contracted to completely redesign the Springer. McElfatrick looked to his own work at the Empire Theatre on Broadway in New York City for his design for the Springer. The building was expanded eastward during this renovation, providing a new taller space for the main stage. A second balcony was also added at this time as well as hotel rooms, restaurants and office space. The hotel and restaurants provided the Springer with a valuable new source of revenue.</p><br>
<h3>Movie house</h3><br>
<p>Not long after the Springers expansion came the rise in popularity of the motion picture. The Springer, living up to its reputation as a leading theatre of the time, played host to several of Thomas Edisons new Vitascope films. The Springers display of these short films would signal the start of a slow, steady decline of live theatre in the city. In 1915, the Springer began to show motion pictures on a regular schedule and as motion pictures gained in popularity, live theatre was pushed aside. Indeed, this is a trend that prevailed throughout the nation during that time. By 1931, the Springer had hosted its final major live theatre production and began to operate almost exclusively as a movie house under its new owner, Martin Theatres. The only live performances held at the Springer after 1931 were the occasional local concert. By 1958, decline of Columbus historic commercial district had taken much of the population away from the downtown area</p><br>
<h3>1964 renovation</h3><br>
<p>By 1963, the Springer Opera House had been vacant for five years. Its future was now dim and talk of demolishing the structure was stirring. The Springer&#39;s location, directly across the street from the busy county courthouse, made it a prime location for a new parking lot or office building.</p><br>
<p>With the wrecking ball imminent, a group of local actors, already established as the Columbus Little Theater, formed a board of trustees composed of local professionals of varying expertise with a common interest in saving the Springer Opera House. Those trustees began a very aggressive campaign to educate the public about the Springers significance as a historic structure worth saving. As the awareness campaign blanketed the city, one of the boards trustees, businessman Robert L. Lewis, provided a $5,000 binder for the purchase of the Springer building.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1964, with control of the building secured and sufficient donations in hand to begin renovation, the group began focusing on repairing the leaking roof, restoring the ground floor lobby, cleaning and redressing the main hall, and bringing the building up to code. The Springer Opera House reopened to great celebration on September 23, 1965 with a Columbus Little Theater production of St. Elmo, based on the novel of the same name by Columbus native Augusta Jane Evans. Although the renovations to the Springer that began in 1964 provided only the bare essentials to reopening the Springer, they proved to be a watershed event in its history. This work by the Columbus Little Theater and its board of trustees is also regarded as the spark that led to the highly successful historic preservation movement that the city of Columbus experienced during the second half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>1998 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1998, a comprehensive foundation-to-roof renovation completed the historic preservation process that began in 1964. This $12 million project included both renovation and restoration components. While the 1964 renovation stabilized, equipped and restored the main theatre, ground floor public spaces and a portion of the second floor, this 1998 project reclaimed the entire third floor and second floor, which had remained in ruins for more than 30 years. In addition, the first floor public areas were expanded and the stage house was completely re-equipped with modern rigging, lighting and sound. The general contractor was Phillips Construction Company and the project architect was Hecht Burdeshaw Architects, both of Columbus, Georgia. Historic interior design was directed by Reneau de Beauchamp (Atlanta) with decorative preservation painting provided by Conrad Schmitt Studios (Milwaukee). Theatre consultant was Cape Dixon Associates (Atlanta) and the project manager was Newton Aaron. Major features of this renovation were the application of a lavish Bradbury and Bradbury historic wall papers design and the restoration of the decorative painting scheme around the tall Springer proscenium arch and the recovery of previously unknown painting designs on the underside of both balconies. Other important aspects of the project were the creation of four classrooms and rehearsal studios and the construction of a large multipurpose community room and studio theatre on an adjacent property. These two features allowed the Springer to greatly expand its Theatre Academy program and its Studio Theatre and Children&#39;s Theatre programs.</p><br>
<h3>2009 tornado</h3><br>
<p>On April 19, 2009, an EF2 tornado touched down in Downtown Columbus causing severe damage to Columbus State University and minor repairable damage to the Springer Opera House.</p><br>
<h2>Springer Theatricals</h2><br>
<p>Springer Theatricals is the national touring arm of the Springer Opera House, performing in some 60 American and Canadian cities each year. The program provides high-quality, low-cost professional theatre entertainment to performing arts centers, arts councils and colleges. While Springer Theatricals performs in cities large and small, it is best known in the industry for its ability to adapt to a wide variety venues – particularly in cities where the technical capabilities of the facilities may be limited. Springer Theatricals also works closely with new, small and emerging performing arts presenters around the country to build audiences through advocacy, fundraising and marketing.</p><br>
<h3>Live theatre performance</h3><br>
<p>Today, the Springer Opera House hosts performances year-round on two stages. Emily Woodruff Hall, the 700-seat main theatre, hosts the popular Mainstage Series which features some of the nations newest plays and musicals as well as timeless Broadway-style productions. The McClure Theatre, the Springers more intimate space, hosts its Studio Series as well as its Childrens Theatre Series, featuring many of the areas talented student actors.</p><br>
<h3>Springer Theatre Academy</h3><br>
<p>The Springer Opera House offers an extensive year-round training program for young actors in what is the largest theatre academy in the southeast. The Dorothy W. McClure Springer Theatre Academy is led by professional actors, directors, theatre teachers, and technicians and has an enrollment of over 800 students. The academy holds Saturday classes throughout the school year and offers a weekday program during the summer. The Springer Theater Academy also has special school performances for surrounding school districts in Georgia and Alabama that brings over 1,500 public, private and homeschool children into the Springer Opera House&#39;s doors; many for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Strömsborg  is a small islet in central Stockholm, Sweden, located north of Stadsholmen, and west of Helgeandsholmen, between the bridges Centralbron, a motorway passing through central Stockholm, and Vasabron. Strömsborg is part of Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm and is connected to the rest of the world by the bridge Strömsborgsbron leading over to Vasabron.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Known for centuries as a set of insignificant cliffs surrounded by a number of treacherous sunken rocks, Strömsborg is represented on Petrus Tillæus 1733 map as uninhabited and named Stenskär ("Stone Skerry"). This name has survived as the original name of the present island. However, it is far from certain that this ever was a proper name in common use. For example, in 1747 Tillæus mentions it as det stenskär eller klippa som är beläget uti Norra Ström och Melaren ("the stone skerry or cliff that is located in Northern Stream and Mälaren") and says it occupied an area of 2.944 square ells (kv.alnar) in size. In a letter in 1647 Queen Christina donates the island to her half-brother referring to it as den lille holmen eller skäret ("the small islet or skerry"). Most likely the cliffs didnt have an official name at the time and as they certainly didnt appear in city planning records, the queens donation of these insignificant cliffs to her half-brother arguably was a carefully studied insult. They did, nevertheless, remain unexplored during her era, and it is possible the skerry shared the fate of many other structures at this time, and had a popular name "not suitable for print". Of the approximately 35 maps of Stockholm produced during the 17th century only one includes Strömsborg but provides very little information.</p><br>
<p>The merchant Berge Olofson Ström bought the island in 1740, and, according to a description from 1896 (G. Nordensvan), ten years later he had a stone house ("suitable in size") surrounded by lime trees built on the island. Whenever the small island received its present name, it must have been in reference both to Strömmen ("The Stream"), the stream surrounding it, and to the merchant "Ström" and his building with the appearance of a castle (Ströms-borg, "Stream&#39;s Castle"). Further, Nordensvan tells the island has been the site for several restaurants, skittle alleys, and public baths, and "...was a small idyllic spot, particularly at that time, when no bridge led to the islet, but one had to travel by rowing boat with a motley woman from Dalarna at the oars."</p><br>
<p>Arthur Sjögren, mostly remembered for his illustrations of the novels of August Strindberg, also studied the history of Strömsborg in great detail. In a report in 1926, he concluded that the present circular-shaped island dates back to the end of the 19th century and described the island before this as a thickly wooded and irregularly shaped island with a set of various small buildings; a charmingly picturesque view that saw its fate finally sealed with the demolition of the main building in 1895. The idyll described by these two men vanished with the construction of the current palace in 1895-97, designed by builder Johan Andersson and the architect Claes Grundström and then redesigned by architect Ragnar Östberg 1929-30.</p><br>
<p>Even before this, the isolated idyll was tied closer to the rest of the city with the construction of Vasabron in 1872-78, and what remained thereafter definitely disappeared with the construction of Centralbron 1961-67.</p><br>
<p>The islet remained the HQ of Swedish Sports Confederation for many years, while the ground floor was being used as a restaurant. In 1953 a renowned dance hall was built on the island, while the upper floors were used for offices until 1994. Since 1996 the entire building has been restored to its pre-1953 appearance, but used exclusively for offices. The island is currently devoted entirely to the offices of IDEA, an international inter-governmental organization that supports democracy building worldwide.</p><br>
<p>Hebe Haven, also known as Pak Sha Wan , is a harbour in the south shore of Sai Kung Peninsula in Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>The harbour has one opening to Port Shelter in its south. A long peninsula spanning south from Tsiu Hang hugs the Hebe Haven and separates it from Inner Port Shelter (Sai Kung Hoi). Villages gathers along its shore and the haven harbours yachts and boats.</p><br>
<p>There is Sea Scouting activity centre situated by the haven. The haven is an excellent natural harbour and is home to a number of yacht clubs, including the Shelter Cove yacht club (part of the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club), and Hebe Haven Yacht Club. There are numerous moorings and many boats distributed around the area along with a clearly marked navigational channel. The channel marks are not lit at night.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Two main rivers run into the haven, Ho Chung River at the west and Tai Chung River in the north west. Tides, sea currents and river drifts form alleviates and beaches in the haven, although the tidal flow is of minimal strength. A number of smaller streams run into the haven, notably one at the extreme north western edge, just north of Pak Sha Wan. The mangrove area surrounding this stream is a good place in Hong Kong to see the black-capped kingfisher, it is not scenic, small in area and it can be accessed at high tide by dinghy only, nevertheless black-capped kingfishers are commonly sighted.</p><br>
<p>The Ma Nam Wat peninsula forms the eastern edge of the harbour.</p><br>
<p>The white sands of a beach northwest gives the native name of Pak Sha Wan, which means "white sand bay". It is the name of a village also and became the indigenous name of Hebe Haven.</p><br>
<h2>Villages</h2><br>
<p>Villages that are close to the Hebe Haven includes Tsiu Hang Hau, Tsiu Hang, Che Keng Tuk, Ta Ho Tun Sheung Wai, Ta Ho Tun Ha Wai, Kau Sai San Tsuen, Pak Sha Wan, Pak Wai, Luk Mei Tsuen, Ho Chung New Village, Wo Mei, Nam Wai and Au Tsai Tsuen.</p><br>
<p>The Marina Cove residential estate is also located in Hebe Haven.</p><br>
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<p>Dubawnt Lake is a lake in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is 3,630 km&sup2; in size and has several islands. It is about 200 miles north of the point where Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Nunavut come together, about 300 miles west of Hudson Bay and about 250 miles south of the arctic circle. To the northwest is the Thelon Wildlife Sanctuary. Its main inlet and outlet is the north-flowing Dubawnt River which joins the Thelon River at Beverly Lake . The Thelon flows east to Hudson Bay at Chesterfield Inlet. It is on the line of contact between the Sayisi Dene band of Eastern Caribou-Eater Chipewyan people and the Harvaqtuurmiut and Ihalmiut bands of Caribou Inuit. The first European to reach the lake was Samuel Hearne in 1770, but it remained largely unknown to outsiders until it was explored by Joseph Tyrrell in 1893. There are no permanent settlements but there are fly-in fish camps where large lake trout can be caught during the 2-month ice-free season.</p><br>
<h2>Dubawnt River</h2><br>
<p>The Dubawnt River is 543 miles long and begins from a tributary of Wholdaia Lake northwest of the point where Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Nunavut join. There is a portage from the Flett Lake tributary of Wholdaia Lake to Selwyn Lake which drains southwest to Lake Athabasca. In 1893 Joseph Tyrrell canoed from Lake Athabasca down the Dubawnt to Chesterfield Inlet. Lakes along the river are Wholdaia, Barlow, Cary, Markham, Nicholson, Dubawnt, (Dubawnt Gorge), Grant, Wharton and Beverly. East of the Dubawnt, the Kazan River also flows north to join the Thelon.</p><br>
<h2>Ethnography</h2><br>
<p>The area of the lake was once home to Ihalmiut, a Caribou Inuit group.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Dubawnt Lake is home to many animals, including foxes, wolves and many birds of prey.</p><br>
<p>Lifuka is an island in the Kingdom of Tonga. It is located within the Haapai Group in the centre of the country, to northeast of the national capital of Nukualofa.</p><br>
<p>It is the administrative centre of the Haapai group of islands with Pangai being the administrative capital village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lifuka is the place where Captain James Cook dubbed Tonga "The Friendly Islands". Tofua is where the mutiny on the Bounty occurred in 1789; this active volcanic island lies approximately forty nautical miles west of Lifuka. The Cpt. Bligh voyage stands as the longest successful passage ever recorded in an open boat without modern navigational aids. It was successfully recreated in 2009 by the Talisker Bounty team.</p><br>
<p>Lifuka Island was the final anchorage of the ill-fated Port au Prince. In 1806 the natives off the northwest coast attacked the British privateer and whaler, slaughterig the majority of the crew. One of the few survivors of the attack, William Mariner, was befriended by the King and spent the next four years in the Kingdom before being allowed to return to England. A chance meeting with the author John Martin upon his return resulted in a collaboration that eventually documented the experiences of Mariner in the book An account of the natives of the Tongan Islands, a now highly respected anthropological study of early civilisation in the kingdom of Tonga. The anchor of the Port au Prince was rediscovered in 2009 by a dive operator based on Lifuka. In August 2012, the wreck of the ship was discovered off the coast of Foa Island, in Tonga.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>It has a population of 2,968 and an area of 11.42 km².</p><br>
<h2>Villages</h2><br>
<p>* Haʻatoʻu</p><br>
<p>* Holopeka</p><br>
<p>* Koulo</p><br>
<p>* Pangai</p><br>
<p>* Tongoleleka</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is an airport, the Lifuka Island Airport.</p><br>
<p>Kinsman Mountain is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. It is named after Nathan Kinsman, an early resident of Easton, New Hampshire, and is part of the Kinsman Range of the White Mountains. To the northeast, Kinsman is connected by The Cannon Balls ridge to Cannon Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The west side of Kinsman drains into Reel and Slide Brooks, thence into the Ham Branch of the Gale River, the Gale River, Ammonoosuc River, Connecticut River, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The east side drains into Cascade Brook, thence into the Pemigewasset River, the Merrimack River, and into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The south face drains into Eliza Brook, thence into Harvard Brook, another tributary of the Pemigewasset.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Mountain Club considers both North and South Kinsman to be "four-thousand footers" because the divide between them gives the former more than 200 ft of topographic prominence.</p><br>
<p>South Kinsman is the sixth most prominent of the White Mountains, because it is the highest point between Franconia Notch and Kinsman Notch.</p><br>
<p>Hikers climbing North Kinsman Mountain, when reaching the viewless summit, should be sure to take a short bushwhack east to steep granite ledges falling off to Kinsman Pond and offering views of Cannon Mountain, South Kinsman, Franconia Ridge, and Lonesome Lake.</p><br>
